Question

what is perspective?
verbal irony employed to mock, ridicule, or criticize
describing something as smaller or less significant than it actually is
how an author views the events, places, and people in a story based on their personal beliefs and experiences
the use of language that states the opposite of what is actually meant

Explanation:

Perspective in literature is about an author's viewpoint on story - elements like events, places, and people, shaped by their personal beliefs and experiences. The first option describes verbal irony (sarcasm), the second is understatement, and the fourth is also verbal irony.

Answer:

how an author views the events, places, and people in a story based on their personal beliefs and experiences