Question

which of the following is not an ethical rule in science?
a human subjects must be told that they may refuse to participate in the research.
b scientific research must be reported honestly.
c scientific researchers should try to find the results they expect.
d scientific researchers must inform coworkers about any risks of their research.

Explanation:

• Option a: Informing human subjects of their right to refuse participation is a key ethical rule in research involving humans (e.g., informed consent principles).
• Option b: Honest reporting of scientific research is fundamental to maintain integrity in science, avoiding fraud or misrepresentation.
• Option c: Scientific research should be objective, and researchers should not try to find pre - expected results as this introduces bias (e.g., confirmation bias) and goes against the principles of scientific inquiry which aims for unbiased discovery of truth.
• Option d: Informing coworkers about research risks is an ethical and safety - related rule to protect the research team and others involved.

Answer:

c. Scientific researchers should try to find the results they expect.