Question

which of the following hormones is released when dogs fight or feel threatened?
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
epinephrine

Explanation:

Estrogen and progesterone are reproductive hormones, not linked to fight/flight responses. Testosterone is associated with aggression but not the immediate threat response. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is released during stress, triggering the fight-or-flight reaction in animals like dogs.

Answer:

D. Epinephrine