Question

which of the following are true?
primary succession begins in an area that does not have soil.
all of these are true (besides the one that says that none are true...).
secondary succession occurs in an area that already had life and soil.
primary succession begins in an area that did not have life before.
none of these are true.

Explanation:

• Primary succession starts in lifeless areas with no existing soil (e.g., bare rock after a volcanic eruption), so the first and fourth statements are true.
• Secondary succession occurs in areas that previously supported life and have intact soil (e.g., areas recovering from wildfires or deforestation), so the third statement is true.

Since all the specific succession statements are accurate, the "All of these are true (besides the one that says that none are true...)" option is correct.

Answer:

All of these are true (besides the one that says that none are true...).
Primary succession begins in an area that does not have soil.
Secondary succession occurs in an area that already had life and soil.
Primary succession begins in an area that did not have life before.