Question

1. why was attalus’ toast offensive to alexander? (p. 581 ¶3–4)

1. who killed philip, and why? (p. 581 ¶6–p. 582 ¶2)

section iii — historical judgment (rhetoric stage)

1. who laid the stronger foundation for macedonian dominance—philip ii or alexander? use evidence from chapter 68.

Answer:

To answer these questions, we need to refer to the relevant historical content (likely from a textbook chapter on Macedonian history, specifically about Philip II and Alexander the Great). Here's how we can approach each:

Question 12: Why was Attalus’ toast offensive to Alexander?

• Explanation: Attalus likely made a toast that either excluded Alexander, undermined his position (especially in relation to his father Philip or Attalus' own ambitions), or had implications about Alexander's legitimacy (e.g., if Attalus was associated with a faction that didn't fully accept Alexander). For example, if Attalus toasted to Philip's new wife (and Alexander's step - mother) in a way that suggested a future heir from that union would be more legitimate, it would threaten Alexander's status as heir.
• Answer: Attalus' toast was offensive to Alexander because it likely implied that a future son from Philip's new marriage (to Cleopatra Eurydice, Attalus' niece) would be a more legitimate heir, thus challenging Alexander's position as the heir to the Macedonian throne. (The exact reason would depend on the specific textbook content, but this is a common historical context for this incident.)

Question 13: Who killed Philip, and why?

• Explanation: Philip II of Macedon was killed by Pausanias, a Macedonian nobleman. The reasons are complex: Pausanias had a personal grievance (he had been mistreated or humiliated, possibly in relation to a love triangle or political slights), and there may also have been broader political motivations, as some historians suggest that there were factions (possibly including those who wanted Alexander to take power sooner or those with other political agendas) that may have been complicit or at least benefited from the assassination.
• Answer: Philip II was killed by Pausanias, a Macedonian. Pausanias had personal grievances (such as being humiliated) and there were also potential political motives, as the assassination led to Alexander's ascension and some factions may have had interests in that outcome. (Again, details depend on the textbook's account.)

Question 14: Who laid the stronger foundation for Macedonian dominance—Philip II or Alexander?

• Explanation:
• Philip II's contributions: He reorganized the Macedonian army (creating the Macedonian phalanx), expanded Macedonian territory through conquests (e.g., in Greece), established a system of alliances and vassal states, and centralized power in Macedon. He also made Macedon a major power in the Greek world, setting the stage for further expansion.
• Alexander's contributions: He conquered a vast empire (from Greece to India), spreading Macedonian (and Hellenistic) culture, but his foundation was built on the military and political structure his father had created.
• To determine who laid the stronger foundation, we can argue: If we consider the military, administrative, and political structure that allowed for expansion, Philip II laid a strong foundation. He built the army and the political system that Alexander used to conquer. However, Alexander's conquests spread Macedonian influence far beyond what Philip had achieved. But the "foundation" for dominance – the ability to project power – was largely created by Philip. For example, Philip's army reforms (like the sarissa - equipped phalanx) were crucial for Macedonian military success, and his unification of Macedon and subjugation of Greek city - states provided the base from which Alexander launched his campaigns.
• Answer: Philip II laid the stronger foundation for Macedonian dominance. Philip reorganized the Macedonian army (creating the effective Macedonian phalanx), expanded Macedonian territory in Greece, established a system of control over Greek city - states (through alliances and coercion), and centralized Macedonian power. This military and political structure was the basis on which Alexander was able to launch his far - reaching conquests. While Alexander expanded the empire greatly, the core foundation of Macedonian military and political power that made dominance possible was built by Philip. (Alternatively, if the textbook emphasizes Alexander's role in spreading Macedonian influence as a more lasting foundation, the answer could lean towards Alexander, but Philip's role in creating the initial power structure is widely recognized as the key foundation for Macedonian dominance.)