Question

1. identify the function of each.

a. pinna:
b. ear canal:
c. middle ear
i. ear drum:
ii. ossicles (hammer/anvil/stirrup or malleus/incus/stapes):
d. inner ear
i. oval window:
ii. cochlea:
iii. semicircular canals:

1. identify the different types of hearing loss and how they can be treated.

a. sensorineural deafness:
b. conductive deafness:

1. how can high amplitude sounds impact hearing?
2. how does hearing change as we age?
3. explain the difference between place theory and frequency theory.

Explanation:

68.

a. Pinna:

Collects sound waves from the environment and funnels them into the ear canal.

b. Ear Canal:

Transmits sound waves from the pinna to the eardrum.

c. Middle Ear

i. Ear drum:

Vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting the vibrations to the ossicles.

ii. Ossicles (Hammer/Anvil/Stirrup or Malleus/Incus/Stapes):

Amplify and transmit the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner - ear.

d. Inner Ear

i. Oval window:

Receives vibrations from the stapes and transmits them to the cochlea.

ii. Cochlea:

Converts sound vibrations into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

iii. Semicircular Canals:

Detect head movements and help with balance, not directly related to hearing but part of the inner - ear structure.

69.

a. Sensorineural deafness:

Caused by damage to the inner - ear (cochlea, hair cells) or the auditory nerve. Treatment may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or assistive listening devices.

b. Conductive deafness:

Results from problems in the outer or middle - ear that prevent sound from being conducted to the inner - ear. Treatment may involve surgery (e.g., to repair a damaged eardrum or fix a problem with the ossicles), or removal of blockages (e.g., earwax).

70.

High - amplitude sounds can damage the hair cells in the cochlea. These hair cells are responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain. Once damaged, they may not be able to function properly, leading to hearing loss.

71.

As we age, the hair cells in the cochlea may deteriorate, and the auditory nerve may also experience some decline. This can lead to a reduced ability to hear high - frequency sounds first, and over time, may affect other frequencies as well. It is called presbycusis.

72.

Place theory states that different frequencies of sound are detected by different regions along the basilar membrane in the cochlea. High - frequency sounds stimulate the base of the basilar membrane, while low - frequency sounds stimulate the apex. Frequency theory proposes that the rate of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the sound wave. For low - frequency sounds, individual neurons can fire at the same rate as the sound wave. For high - frequency sounds, a volley of neurons fire in rapid succession to match the frequency.

Answer:

68.

a. Collects sound waves.

b. Transmits sound waves.

c.

i. Vibrates with sound waves.

ii. Amplify and transmit vibrations.

d.

i. Receives and transmits vibrations.

ii. Converts sound to neural signals.

iii. Detect head movements for balance.

69.

a. Inner - ear/nerve damage; hearing aids, cochlear implants.

b. Outer/middle - ear problem; surgery or blockage removal.

70.

Damages cochlear hair cells, leading to hearing loss.

71.

Hair cells and auditory nerve decline, reduced high - frequency hearing first.

72.

Place theory: different cochlear regions for different frequencies. Frequency theory: nerve impulse rate matches sound frequency.