Question

advancements in military technology elevated the influence of the middle class. around 650 b.c., iron weapons replaced bronze ones, as iron was more affordable. this shift enabled ordinary citizens to afford iron helmets, shields, and swords. concurrently, a novel combat technique arose—the \phalanx,\ a formidable formation of heavily armored foot soldiers. this formation necessitated rigorous training, fostering a potent sense of unity among citizen - soldiers.
the phalanx’s implementation placed the defense of city - states within the grasp of commoners, mitigating class distinctions. however, this new warfare style engendered distinct societal paths for the two most influential city - states. while sparta emphasized strict discipline, athens exalted individualism and extended political rights to a broader citizenry.
sparta: a nation of soldiers
situated in the peloponnesus, a quasi - island in southern greece, sparta underwent a transformation into a militaristic state starting around 600 b.c. from the age of seven, boys underwent intensive military training, fortified by a coarse diet and stringent discipline. spartan girls also experienced rigorous upbringing, aimed at producing robust offspring for the army.
the spartan governance structure featured two kings and an assembly of elder advisors to the monarchs. all male, native - born spartans above 30 years formed the assembly, which endorsed significant decisions. furthermore, the assembly elected five ephors, influential officials responsible for daily operations and wielding real power.

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