Question

analysis questions - on a separate sheet of paper complete the following station 1 1. what are the five types of bone? give an example of each. 2. what type of bone is the humerus? the vertebrae? the carpals? 3. how many carpal bones are there? 4. how many tarsal bones are there? 5. what are the three parts of a long bone? 6. where is bone marrow located? station 2 7. explain how the structure of bone is similar to reinforced concrete? 8. what types of force do collagen and bone mineral resist? 9. how much weight was your paper roll (long bone) able to hold? hypothesize how much more weight it would be able to hold if you taped 5 of the paper rolls together. station 3 10. what passes through the haversian canal? 11. what is created in red bone marrow? 12. what is found throughout trabecular bone? 13. what is the function of the periosteum? station 4 14. explain why calculating height from bone length is useful to a forensic pathologist. 15. compare the heights you calculated and measured. how accurate were the calculations? 16. which bone most accurately calculated height? hypothesize why. station 5 17. what were the common causes & risk factors found among the majority of the skeletal disorders? 18. what were the common symptoms found among the majority of the skeletal disorders? station 6 19. how close was your wingspan measurement to your actual height? 20. how close was your height calculated from your skull circumference to your height? 21. how close was your height calculated from your head height to your height? 22. explain how you could set up an experiment to determine whether the wingspan measurement is scientifically accurate. 23. conclusion: in 1 - 2 paragraphs, summarize the procedure and results of this lab. review questions - on a separate sheet of paper complete the following 1. how many bones are you born with? 2. how many bones are in an adult skeleton? 3. what types of tissues are found in bone? 4. what are the functions of the skeletal system? 5. what are the components of bone matrix? 6. what are the functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts? 7. what is the difference between compact and trabecular bone? 8. what are the five main bone types?

Explanation:

1. The five types of bone are long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., skull - parietal bone), irregular (e.g., vertebrae), and sesamoid (e.g., patella).
2. The humerus is a long bone, vertebrae are irregular bones, and carpals are short bones.
3. There are 8 carpal bones in the wrist.
4. There are 7 tarsal bones in the ankle.
5. The three parts of a long bone are the diaphysis (shaft), metaphysis (flared ends), and epiphysis (ends).
6. Bone marrow is located in the medullary cavity of long bones and the spaces of spongy (trabecular) bone.
7. Bone is similar to reinforced concrete as the hard - mineral part is like the concrete and the collagen fibers are like the rebar, providing strength and flexibility.
8. Collagen resists tensile force and bone mineral resists compressive force.
9. The weight a paper roll can hold depends on the experiment; if 5 are taped together, it might hold 5 times as much weight (assuming linear strength increase).
10. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels pass through the Haversian canal.
11. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are created in red bone marrow.
12. Trabeculae and bone marrow are found throughout trabecular bone.
13. The periosteum provides attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and is involved in bone growth and repair.
14. Calculating height from bone length is useful to a forensic pathologist as it can help identify an individual or estimate the stature of a skeleton.
15. Comparing calculated and measured heights shows the accuracy of the calculation methods; inaccuracies can be due to factors like age, sex, and ethnicity.
16. The femur is often one of the most accurate for height calculation as it has a relatively consistent relationship with height; this is because it is a long bone that grows proportionally with overall height.
17. Common causes and risk factors for skeletal disorders include genetics, age, diet (calcium and vitamin D deficiency), and lack of physical activity.
18. Common symptoms of skeletal disorders include pain, swelling, limited mobility, and deformity.

19 - 21. The closeness of wingspan, skull - circumference - based height, and head - height - based height calculations to actual height varies; wingspan is often close to height in adults.

1. To test the scientific accuracy of wingspan measurement, measure wingspans and heights of a large sample size, calculate the correlation coefficient, and perform statistical tests.
2. In the conclusion, summarize the steps of the lab (e.g., measurements taken, experiments conducted) and the results (e.g., relationships found, accuracies of calculations).

Review Questions:

1. Babies are born with about 300 bones.
2. An adult skeleton has 206 bones.
3. Bone contains osseous tissue, connective tissue (periosteum and endosteum), blood vessels, and nerves.
4. The functions of the skeletal system include support, protection of internal organs, movement (as a lever system), mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus), and blood cell production.
5. The components of bone matrix are organic (collagen fibers) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite crystals of calcium and phosphate).
6. Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone tissue, and osteoclasts break down bone for remodeling.
7. Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while trabecular bone is spongy and has a lattice - like structure inside bones.
8. The five main bone types are long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

Answer:

1. Five types: long (femur), short (carpals), flat (parietal bone of skull), irregular (vertebrae), sesamoid (patella).
2. Humerus: long bone; Vertebrae: irregular bone; Carpals: short bone.
3. 8.
4. 7.
5. Diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis.
6. In the medullary cavity of long bones and spaces of trabecular bone.
7. Mineral is like concrete, collagen like rebar.
8. Collagen: tensile force; Bone mineral: compressive force.
9. Depends on experiment; might be 5 times as much.
10. Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels.
11. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
12. Trabeculae and bone marrow.
13. Attachment for muscles, etc., and involved in growth and repair.
14. Helps identify individuals or estimate stature.
15. Varies; due to age, sex, ethnicity factors.
16. Femur; consistent relationship with height as a long bone.
17. Genetics, age, diet, lack of activity.
18. Pain, swelling, limited mobility, deformity.

19 - 21. Varies; wingspan often close in adults.

1. Measure large sample, calculate correlation, perform tests.
2. Summarize steps and results.

Review Questions:

1. About 300.
2. 206.
3. Osseous tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves.
4. Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production.
5. Organic (collagen), inorganic (hydroxyapatite).
6. Osteoblasts build, osteocytes maintain, osteoclasts break down.
7. Compact is dense outer layer; trabecular is spongy inside.
8. Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.