Question

barbara is a psychologist who measures relationship satisfaction among couples by observing non - verbal behavior (e.g., smiling, mimicking partner actions). in this example, non - verbal behavior is an example of a(n)
o discrete variable
o operational definition
o construct
o real limits

question 11
calculate each value requested for the following set of scores. scores: 1, 3, 4
a. σ(x - 1)
b. σx²
c. (σx)²
d. σ(x - 1)²

Explanation:

Step1: Calculate $\Sigma(X - 1)$ for scores 1, 3, 4

For $X = 1$, $1-1=0$; for $X = 3$, $3 - 1=2$; for $X = 4$, $4 - 1=3$. Then $\Sigma(X - 1)=0 + 2+3=5$.

Step2: Calculate $\Sigma X^{2}$ for scores 1, 3, 4

$1^{2}=1$, $3^{2}=9$, $4^{2}=16$. Then $\Sigma X^{2}=1 + 9+16=26$.

Step3: Calculate $(\Sigma X)^{2}$ for scores 1, 3, 4

$\Sigma X=1 + 3+4=8$, so $(\Sigma X)^{2}=8^{2}=64$.

Step4: Calculate $\Sigma(X - 1)^{2}$ for scores 1, 3, 4

For $X = 1$, $(1 - 1)^{2}=0$; for $X = 3$, $(3 - 1)^{2}=4$; for $X = 4$, $(4 - 1)^{2}=9$. Then $\Sigma(X - 1)^{2}=0+4 + 9=13$.

An operational definition is how a concept is measured or manipulated in a study. Here, observing non - verbal behavior to measure relationship satisfaction is an operational definition. A discrete variable has distinct, separate values. A construct is an abstract concept. Real limits are the boundaries of a score. Since non - verbal behavior is defined as a way to measure relationship satisfaction, it is an operational definition.

Answer:

a. 5
b. 26
c. 64
d. 13