Question

concept 1 biological macromolecules objectives 1. list the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 2. explain the major functions of each macromolecule. 3. provide an example for each type of macromolecule. 4. compare the relative energy storage of the macromolecules. 5. list the order in which the body will consume carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for energy, and explain why. 6. sketch a picture of the macromolecule that makes up the majority of the cell membrane and explain why its structure gives the membrane a unique property. 7. explain what makes proteins the most diverse macromolecule. 8. list which macromolecule is not obtained from our food and where we do get it from.

Explanation:

1. Monomers and polymers of carbohydrates: Monomers are monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), polymers are polysaccharides (e.g., starch). For lipids, monomers are fatty - acids and glycerol, polymers are triglycerides. Proteins have amino - acids as monomers and polypeptide chains as polymers. Nucleic acids have nucleotides as monomers and DNA/RNA as polymers.
2. Carbohydrates are a quick energy source. Lipids are for long - term energy storage. Proteins have functions like enzyme catalysis, structural support, etc. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
3. Carbohydrate example: glucose; lipid example: olive oil; protein example: hemoglobin; nucleic acid example: DNA.
4. Lipids store the most energy per gram, followed by carbohydrates and then proteins.
5. The body first consumes carbohydrates as they are easily accessible energy sources. Then it uses fats for long - term energy needs. Proteins are the last to be used as they have many non - energy related vital functions.
6. Phospholipids make up the majority of the cell membrane. Their amphipathic nature (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail) gives the membrane its fluidity and selective permeability.
7. Proteins are diverse because of the 20 different amino acids, different sequences, and complex 3 - D structures.
8. Nucleic acids are not directly obtained from food in a functional form. Our body synthesizes them using nucleotides obtained from the breakdown of food components and de novo synthesis.

Answer:

1. Carbohydrates: Monomers - monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), Polymers - polysaccharides (e.g., starch). Lipids: Monomers - fatty acids and glycerol, Polymers - triglycerides. Proteins: Monomers - amino acids, Polymers - polypeptide chains. Nucleic acids: Monomers - nucleotides, Polymers - DNA/RNA.
2. Carbohydrates: Quick energy source. Lipids: Long - term energy storage. Proteins: Enzyme catalysis, structural support, etc. Nucleic acids: Store and transmit genetic information.
3. Carbohydrate: Glucose; Lipid: Olive oil; Protein: Hemoglobin; Nucleic acid: DNA.
4. Lipids > Carbohydrates > Proteins.
5. First carbohydrates (easily accessible), then lipids (long - term energy), last proteins (vital non - energy functions).
6. Phospholipids. Amphipathic nature gives fluidity and selective permeability.
7. 20 different amino acids, sequences, 3 - D structures.
8. Nucleic acids. Synthesized by body using nucleotides from food breakdown and de novo synthesis.