Question

1. draw a labeled diagram of the 3 stated of water and the transition between the states.
2. draw a labeled diagram of the water cycle containing the following terms: (condensation, transpiration, precipitation, evaporation, runoff, groundwater, accumulation)
3. compare and contrast specific humidity to relative humidity.
4. describe 2 factors that can affect the humidity.
5. what is condensation? describe 4 ways in which it happens.
6. what is the dew point and how does it occur?
7. what is fog? describe 2 different ways in which it forms.
8. how do clouds for?
9. describe the 2 factors that effects water vapour that can be held by clouds?
10. what are the 3 different types of clouds? provide 1 example of each.
11. how do you calculate condensation level?
12. describe 3 different forms of precipitation and in which environments you would find them.
13. how do mountains effect the rainfall that an area will receive based on being on the windward vs. leeward side.
14. how is acid rain formed and what are some of the effects of acid rain?

Explanation:

1. The three states of water are solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water - vapor). Transitions between states include melting (solid - to - liquid), freezing (liquid - to - solid), evaporation (liquid - to - gas), condensation (gas - to - liquid), sublimation (solid - to - gas), and deposition (gas - to - solid).
2. Specific humidity is the mass of water vapor per unit mass of moist air, while relative humidity is the ratio of the current vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure at the same temperature. Specific humidity is an absolute measure, and relative humidity depends on temperature.
3. Temperature and the amount of water vapor in the air can affect humidity. Higher temperatures can hold more water vapor, and adding or removing water vapor changes humidity levels.
4. Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. It can happen when air is cooled to its dew - point temperature, when air is compressed, when water vapor is added to cold air, or when air rises and cools due to adiabatic expansion.
5. The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure and water - vapor content to reach saturation. It occurs when air cools and the water vapor in it condenses.
6. Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air near the Earth's surface. It can form through radiation cooling (radiation fog) or when warm, moist air moves over a cold surface (advection fog).
7. Clouds form when air containing water vapor rises and cools. As the air cools, its ability to hold water vapor decreases, and the water vapor condenses around tiny particles (condensation nuclei) to form cloud droplets or ice crystals.
8. Temperature and the amount of condensation nuclei in the air affect the amount of water vapor that can be held by clouds. Higher temperatures can hold more water vapor, and more condensation nuclei provide more surfaces for water vapor to condense on.
9. The three types of clouds are cirrus (high - altitude, thin, wispy clouds made of ice crystals), stratus (low - altitude, flat, and often covering the sky like a blanket), and cumulus (puffy, mid - altitude clouds with a flat base and a rounded top).
10. The condensation level can be calculated using the dry adiabatic lapse rate and the dew - point depression. However, a simple approximation is to use the formula: Condensation level (in meters) = 125 x (T - Td), where T is the surface temperature and Td is the dew - point temperature.
11. Three forms of precipitation are rain (liquid water droplets), snow (ice crystals), and hail (hard, rounded pellets of ice). Rain is common in warm, moist environments, snow in cold environments, and hail in thunderstorm environments.
12. On the windward side of a mountain, air is forced to rise, cools, and condenses, leading to more rainfall. On the leeward side, the air descends, warms, and dries out, resulting in less rainfall (rain - shadow effect).
13. Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere, react with water vapor, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids then fall to the ground as rain, snow, fog, or dry particles. Effects of acid rain include damage to forests, lakes, and buildings, and harm to aquatic life.

Answer:

1. Diagrams cannot be provided in this text - based format, but for the states of water, label ice (solid), water (liquid), and water - vapor (gas) with arrows showing transitions (melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, deposition). For the water cycle, label condensation, transpiration, precipitation, evaporation, runoff, groundwater, and accumulation with arrows showing the flow.
2. Specific humidity is mass - based, relative humidity is ratio - based on saturation.
3. Temperature; amount of water vapor.
4. Water vapor to liquid water. Ways: cooling to dew - point, compression, adding vapor to cold air, adiabatic expansion.
5. Temperature for saturation. Occurs when air cools and vapor condenses.
6. Visible aerosol of water droplets or ice crystals. Radiation fog, advection fog.
7. Air rises and cools, vapor condenses around nuclei.
8. Temperature; amount of condensation nuclei.
9. Cirrus (e.g., high - altitude wispy clouds), stratus (e.g., low - lying flat clouds), cumulus (e.g., puffy mid - altitude clouds).
10. Use formula: Condensation level (in meters) = 125 x (T - Td).
11. Rain (warm, moist environments), snow (cold environments), hail (thunderstorm environments).
12. Windward side: more rainfall due to rising air. Leeward side: less rainfall due to descending air.
13. Formed from sulfur and nitrogen oxides reacting with water. Effects: damage to forests, lakes, buildings, and aquatic life.