Question

during the short - lived political unity of the islamic empire, muslims were ruled by a _.
kaaba
pope
caliph
patriarch

Explanation:

• Kaaba is a sacred shrine in Mecca, not a ruler.
• Pope is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, not related to Islamic rule.
• Caliph was the political and religious leader of the Islamic Empire during its unified period.
• Patriarch is a title for leaders in some Christian denominations, not for Islamic rule.

Answer:

C. Caliph