Question

an election resulted in candidate a winning, with candidate b coming in a close second, and candidate c being a distant third. if for some reason the election had to be held again and many people who had voted for c switched their preferences to favor a, which caused b to become the winner, which is the primary fairness criterion violated in this election?
monotonicity criterion
condorcet criterion
independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion
majority criterion

Explanation:

The monotonicity criterion states that if a winning candidate gains additional support that doesn't change the relative order of other candidates' support, that candidate should still win. Here, candidate A was the winner initially. When voters who voted for C (an irrelevant - to - A - vs - B comparison initially) switched to A, A lost. This violates the monotonicity criterion. The Condorcet criterion is about a candidate who beats all others in head - to - head matchups. The independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion is about a candidate winning regardless of changes in preferences for non - winning candidates not involved in the direct comparison for the win. The majority criterion is about a candidate with a majority of first - place votes winning.

Answer:

Monotonicity Criterion