Question

four friends are trying to decide what kind of cake to order for a party: cheesecake, chocolate, or yellow. everyone was asked to vote for their favorite, and the winner under the unknown voting method was chocolate. upon hearing the results, two people who had voted for yellow cake wanted to change their votes to move chocolate to the top of their preference lists. the winner was recalculated, and cheesecake was the winner. which fairness criterion has been violated in this election? independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion monotonicity criterion condorcet criterion majority criterion

Explanation:

The Monotonicity Criterion states that if a candidate (chocolate in this case) wins an election and some voters change their preferences in a way that is favorable to that candidate (voters who voted for yellow move chocolate to the top of their preference lists), that candidate should still win. But here, chocolate was the initial winner and after favorable - preference changes for chocolate, cheesecake became the winner. So, the Monotonicity Criterion is violated.

Answer:

Monotonicity Criterion