Question

identify what effect did the hundred years’ war have on medieval warfare?

Explanation:

The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) transformed medieval warfare:

1. Weaponry Evolution: Longbows (e.g., English at Crécy, Poitiers) and early firearms (like handgonnes) replaced traditional crossbows/spears, increasing firepower and range.
2. Tactical Shifts: Infantry (longbowmen, later mercenaries) gained prominence over feudal cavalry, as massed missile fire countered armored knights.
3. Logistics & Fortifications: Siege warfare advanced (e.g., cannon - based sieges of castles), while supply lines became more organized to sustain long - term campaigns.
4. Professional Armies: Monarchs (e.g., England’s “permanent” forces) replaced feudal levies, creating disciplined, paid troops (reducing reliance on nobles).
5. Cost & Resource Strain: Wars became costlier, forcing states to develop tax systems (e.g., England’s Parliamentary taxes) to fund warfare, weakening feudal economies.

Answer:

The Hundred Years’ War transformed medieval warfare by advancing weaponry (longbows, early firearms), elevating infantry, revolutionizing sieges/fortifications, creating professional armies, and straining feudal economies via new tax systems.