Question

the impact of vaccinations on global public health by dr. emily chen, md, mph
vaccinations have revolutionized public health over the past century, dramatically reducing the incidence of many deadly diseases. according to the world health organization, immunization currently prevents 2 - 3 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles (who, 2023).
one of the most significant achievements of vaccination has been the global eradication of smallpox, declared in 1980. this success has inspired ongoing efforts to eradicate other diseases, such as polio. the global polio eradication initiative reports that polio cases have decreased by 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350,000 cases to 33 reported cases in 2018 (gpei, 2023).
vaccines work not only by protecting individuals but also by creating herd immunity. dr. paul offit, a renowned vaccine expert, explains, when enough people in a community are vaccinated against a disease, the entire community is protected because the disease has little opportunity to spread (offit, 2021, p.42).
however, maintaining high vaccination rates remains a challenge. the recent covid - 19 pandemic highlighted both the critical importance of vaccines and the complexities of achieving widespread immunization. as dr. anthony fauci noted, vaccines dont save lives. vaccinations save lives (fauci, 2022, p. 456).
which in - text citations would be appropriate to include in a research paper about the impact of vaccinations and addressing why there is vaccine hesitancy?
a. vaccination has saved millions of lives globally (who, 2023), social media contributes to vaccine hesitancy (brown et al., 2021).
b. vaccination saves lives, especially in developing countries (who, 2023), hesitancy is a growing concern worldwide (gpei, 2023).
c. vaccines work through herd immunity (offit, 2021), people are hesitant to vaccinate (smith, 2022), vaccination programs are essential (chen, 2025), people should not be afraid to get vaccines (larson, 2023).
d. none of the above

Explanation:

The text discusses the impact of vaccinations on global public - health, including their success in eradicating diseases and the challenges like maintaining high vaccination rates and dealing with vaccine hesitancy. In - text citations in a research paper about such a topic would include statements related to the positive impact of vaccinations and addressing vaccine hesitancy. Option A mentions vaccination saving lives globally and social media contributing to vaccine hesitancy, which aligns with the overall theme of the text.

Answer:

A. "Vaccination has saved millions of lives globally" (WHO, 2023), "Social media contributes to vaccine hesitancy" (Brown et al., 2021)