Question

lesson 3: india seeks self rule

1. what had gandhi done before becoming a leader for indian independence?

1. identify causes and effects what caused the amritsar massacre? what effect did it have on the independence movement?

lesson 4: new forces in china and japan

1. what group of people spearheaded the may fourth movement?

1. recognize multiple causes why did chinese peasants support the communists?

Explanation:

1. Before leading India's independence movement, Gandhi worked as a lawyer in South Africa, where he developed his philosophy of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) while fighting against racial discrimination targeting Indian immigrants.
2. Cause of Amritsar Massacre: British colonial authorities, led by General Dyer, banned public gatherings in Amritsar. A peaceful crowd of Indian protesters assembled in Jallianwala Bagh anyway, and Dyer ordered troops to open fire on them without warning.

Effect on Independence Movement: The massacre outraged Indians across the country, turning many moderate nationalists toward more radical anti-British sentiment, and it strengthened support for the independence movement, including Gandhi's nonviolent campaign.

1. The May Fourth Movement was spearheaded by university students in Beijing, who were joined by other urban intellectuals, workers, and merchants as the movement spread.
2. Chinese peasants supported the Communists primarily because the party promised and implemented land reform, redistributing land from wealthy landowners to poor peasants. The Communists also addressed peasant grievances like high taxes and exploitative landlord practices, and they treated peasants with respect, unlike the corrupt Nationalist government.

Answer:

1. He worked as a lawyer in South Africa, developing nonviolent resistance (satyagraha) while fighting racial discrimination against Indian immigrants.
2. Cause: British General Dyer ordered troops to fire on a peaceful, unauthorized public gathering of Indian protesters in Amritsar's Jallianwala Bagh.

Effect: It galvanized anti-British sentiment across India, radicalized moderate nationalists, and strengthened support for the independence movement.

1. University students in Beijing (later joined by urban workers, intellectuals, and merchants).
2. The Communists implemented land reform to give land to poor peasants, addressed exploitative landlord practices and high taxes, and treated peasants with dignity, unlike the corrupt Nationalist government.