Question

mabel ping - hua lee: how chinese - american women helped shape the suffrage movement
by cathleen d. cahill (excerpt)
(1) mabel ping - hua lee was a feminist pioneer. she was the first chinese woman in the united states to earn her doctorate and an advocate for the rights of women and the chinese community in america. however, due to discriminatory immigration laws, she was unable to become a citizen of the united states. despite this injustice, she played an important part in the fight for voting rights both in the united states and in china.
(2) in 1912, suffrage leaders in new york invited sixteen - year - old mabel to ride in the honor guard that would lead their massive suffrage parade up fifth avenue...
(3) mabel lee was one of the very few chinese women who lived in the united states in the early twentieth century. this was because congress had passed harsh laws aimed at keeping chinese immigrants out of the united states. in the mid - nineteenth century, men from china came to work in the mines and to build the railroads. white americans held many negative stereotypes about the \oriental\ chinese fueled by the prevalent ideas of the period, assuming the chinese had inherently \passive\ or \servile\ natures that made them unable to participate in democratic governments. immigration laws codified these racist ideas about who could be an american citizen. specifically, congress passed two laws to exclude chinese people from entering the united states. the first law, the page act of 1875, was aimed at chinese women, though it used the language of excluding prostitutes (most americans believed any chinese woman who was immigrating was coming to the united states for the purpose of serving as a prostitute). the second law, the 1882 exclusion act, dramatically shrunk the number of chinese immigrants (men and women) admitted into the united states and denied that they could become naturalized citizens. this made the chinese the only people in the world who were ineligible to become us citizens.
(4) mabel lee immigrated to the united states from canton (now guangzhou), china, around 1900 when she was roughly five - years - old.
select the correct answer.
how does the author refine the idea that suffragists used a reversal of roles to gain support for their movement?
a. by providing details from newspaper reports showing support for mabel lee’s participation in the suffragist parade
b. by providing facts about immigration laws such as the page act and the exclusion act passed by the united states government
c. by providing the names of members of the chinatown community who joined with national and state suffrage leaders
d. by providing specific examples of banners held by women in the new york suffragist parade

Explanation:

To determine how the author refines the idea about suffragists using role reversal for support, we analyze each option:

• Option A: The passage does not mention newspaper reports about Mabel Lee’s parade participation, so A is incorrect.
• Option B: The immigration laws (Page Act, Exclusion Act) are discussed in the context of Chinese women’s immigration, not to refine the suffragists’ role - reversal idea. So B is not relevant.
• Option C: The passage does not provide names of Chinatown community members who joined suffrage leaders. So C is incorrect.
• Option D: The author gives a specific example of Mabel Lee (a Chinese - American woman) participating in the suffrage parade, which shows a reversal of the “passive” stereotype of Chinese women and supports the suffragist movement. This is a specific example (her participation and the honor guard role) that refines the idea.

Answer:

D. by providing specific examples of banners held by women in the New York suffragist parade