Question

name:
date:
summary sheet
biological macromolecules
macromolecule\tmonomer\telements present\tstructure\tfunction\texamples
carbohydrate\t\t\t\t\t
lipid\t\t\t\t\t
protein\t\t\t\t\t
nucleic acid\t\t\t\t\t

Explanation:

To fill the "Summary Sheet - Biological Macromolecules", we analyze each macromolecule:

1. Carbohydrate

• Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Elements Present: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (ratio ~\( \text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n}\text{O}_n \)).
• Structure: Monosaccharides link via glycosidic bonds; form chains (e.g., starch) or rings (e.g., glucose).
• Function: Primary energy source (e.g., glucose for ATP); structural support (e.g., cellulose in plants).
• Examples: Glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen.

2. Lipid

• Monomer: No true monomer (composed of fatty acids + glycerol, or isoprene units for steroids).
• Elements Present: C, H, O (less O than carbs); some have P (e.g., phospholipids).
• Structure: Hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) + hydrophilic heads (e.g., in phospholipids); steroids have ring structures.
• Function: Energy storage (e.g., triglycerides); cell membrane structure (phospholipids); signaling (steroids).
• Examples: Fats, oils, phospholipids, cholesterol.

3. Protein

• Monomer: Amino acids (20 types, linked by peptide bonds).
• Elements Present: C, H, O, N (sometimes S, P).
• Structure: Primary (amino acid sequence) → Secondary (α-helix, β-sheet) → Tertiary (3D folding) → Quaternary (multiple subunits).
• Function: Enzymes (catalysis), structure (e.g., collagen), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), immunity (antibodies).
• Examples: Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes (e.g., amylase).

4. Nucleic Acid

• Monomer: Nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base: A, T/U, C, G).
• Elements Present: C, H, O, N, P.
• Structure: Polynucleotide chains (DNA: double helix; RNA: single strand).
• Function: Store/transmit genetic info (DNA); protein synthesis (RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).
• Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Filled Table (Sample):

Macromolecule	Monomer	Elements Present	Structure	Function	Examples
Lipid	Fatty acids + Glycerol (or none)	C, H, O (±P)	Hydrophobic tails + hydrophilic heads (or rings)	Energy storage, membrane, signaling	Fats, phospholipids, cholesterol
Protein	Amino acids	C, H, O, N (±S)	4-level folding (primary→quaternary)	Catalysis, structure, transport, immunity	Hemoglobin, insulin, amylase
Nucleic Acid	Nucleotides	C, H, O, N, P	DNA: double helix; RNA: single strand	Genetic info, protein synthesis	DNA, RNA

This table summarizes the key properties of biological macromolecules.

Answer:

To fill the "Summary Sheet - Biological Macromolecules", we analyze each macromolecule:

1. Carbohydrate

• Monomer: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).
• Elements Present: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (ratio ~\( \text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n}\text{O}_n \)).
• Structure: Monosaccharides link via glycosidic bonds; form chains (e.g., starch) or rings (e.g., glucose).
• Function: Primary energy source (e.g., glucose for ATP); structural support (e.g., cellulose in plants).
• Examples: Glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen.

2. Lipid

• Monomer: No true monomer (composed of fatty acids + glycerol, or isoprene units for steroids).
• Elements Present: C, H, O (less O than carbs); some have P (e.g., phospholipids).
• Structure: Hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) + hydrophilic heads (e.g., in phospholipids); steroids have ring structures.
• Function: Energy storage (e.g., triglycerides); cell membrane structure (phospholipids); signaling (steroids).
• Examples: Fats, oils, phospholipids, cholesterol.

3. Protein

• Monomer: Amino acids (20 types, linked by peptide bonds).
• Elements Present: C, H, O, N (sometimes S, P).
• Structure: Primary (amino acid sequence) → Secondary (α-helix, β-sheet) → Tertiary (3D folding) → Quaternary (multiple subunits).
• Function: Enzymes (catalysis), structure (e.g., collagen), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), immunity (antibodies).
• Examples: Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes (e.g., amylase).

4. Nucleic Acid

• Monomer: Nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base: A, T/U, C, G).
• Elements Present: C, H, O, N, P.
• Structure: Polynucleotide chains (DNA: double helix; RNA: single strand).
• Function: Store/transmit genetic info (DNA); protein synthesis (RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).
• Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Filled Table (Sample):

Macromolecule	Monomer	Elements Present	Structure	Function	Examples
Lipid	Fatty acids + Glycerol (or none)	C, H, O (±P)	Hydrophobic tails + hydrophilic heads (or rings)	Energy storage, membrane, signaling	Fats, phospholipids, cholesterol
Protein	Amino acids	C, H, O, N (±S)	4-level folding (primary→quaternary)	Catalysis, structure, transport, immunity	Hemoglobin, insulin, amylase
Nucleic Acid	Nucleotides	C, H, O, N, P	DNA: double helix; RNA: single strand	Genetic info, protein synthesis	DNA, RNA

This table summarizes the key properties of biological macromolecules.