Question

over a long period of time, a rocky volcanic island that previously did not support any forms of life (got to mo have been the pioneer species that initiated this transformation?

lichens

ferns

mushrooms

grasses

Explanation:

In primary succession (starting from a barren, lifeless area like a rocky volcanic island), pioneer species are the first to colonize. Lichens are pioneer species as they can grow on bare rock, secrete acids to break down rock into soil, and start the process of soil formation, which allows other species to later establish. Ferns, mushrooms, and grasses require more developed soil and are later in the succession process.

Answer:

A. lichens