Question

(a) a phone company determined that a higher income indicates that a customer has a more expensive calling plan. what does the analysis show?
there is no correlation between income and calling plan price.
there is a correlation between income and calling plan price. there may or may not be causation. further studies would have to be done to determine this.
there is a correlation between income and calling plan price. there is probably also causation. this is because there is an increase in the calling plan price with an increase in income.
(b) a produce stand conducted a study. it showed that a customer does not tend to buy more or less fruit when more samples are offered. what can we conclude?
there is no correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered.
there is a correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered. however, there is no causation. this is because there is probably an increase in the amount of fruit bought with an increase in the number of samples offered.
there is a correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered. there may or may not be causation. further studies would have to be done to determine this.
(c) jane compared the player statistics from her team’s soccer season. she determined that having less playing time implies that a player scores fewer goals. what should she say based on her findings?
there is no correlation between playing time and number of goals.
there is a correlation between playing time and number of goals. there may or may not be causation. further studies would have to be done to determine this.
there is a correlation between playing time and number of goals. however, there is no causation. this is because there is a decrease in the

Explanation:

(a) The analysis finds a link between higher income and more expensive plans, which is a correlation. Correlation does not equal causation, so further study is needed to confirm causation.
(b) The study shows no relationship between sample number and fruit bought, meaning no correlation exists.
(c) The finding links less playing time to fewer goals, which is a correlation. We cannot confirm causation without additional research.

Answer:

(a) There is a correlation between income and calling plan price. There may or may not be causation. Further studies would have to be done to determine this.
(b) There is no correlation between amount of fruit bought and number of samples offered.
(c) There is a correlation between playing time and number of goals. There may or may not be causation. Further studies would have to be done to determine this.