QUESTION IMAGE
Question
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
general
- size
- cell wall
- number of cells/organism
- cell replication
- flagella
- pilli
metabolism
- site of electron transport chain
- final electron acceptor in
metabolism
- oxygen requirement
- folate requirement
- energy sources
- carbon sources
biol2100 introduction to cells
90
97/25
Since the problem (the table about Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells) is related to the study of cells, which falls under the subfield of Biology (Natural Science). To fill the table, we can use the following general comparisons:
General Section
- Size: Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (typically 0.1 - 5.0 μm in diameter), while Eukaryotic cells are larger (typically 10 - 100 μm in diameter).
- Cell wall: Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan; some Eukaryotic cells (like plant cells) have a cell wall made of cellulose, while animal cells lack a cell wall.
- Number of cells/organism: Prokaryotes are mostly unicellular; Eukaryotes can be unicellular (e.g., yeast) or multicellular.
- Cell replication: Prokaryotes undergo binary fission; Eukaryotes undergo mitosis (and meiosis for gametes).
- Flagella: Prokaryotic flagella are simpler in structure (composed of flagellin), while Eukaryotic flagella (and cilia) have a 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement.
- Pilli: Pilli are present in some prokaryotes (used for conjugation), and are absent in eukaryotes.
Metabolism Section
- Site of electron transport chain: In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain (ETC) is located in the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the ETC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Final electron acceptor in metabolism: In aerobic respiration, prokaryotes and eukaryotes use oxygen as the final electron acceptor; in anaerobic conditions, prokaryotes can use other molecules (e.g., nitrate, sulfate), while eukaryotes (in anaerobic respiration) may use pyruvate or derivatives (e.g., in fermentation, ethanol or lactic acid is produced, with pyruvate as the electron acceptor in a sense).
- Oxygen requirement: Prokaryotes can be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative anaerobes; Eukaryotes (most) are aerobic, but some (e.g., yeast) are facultative anaerobes.
- Folate requirement: Prokaryotes synthesize folate, while eukaryotes (including humans) require folate from the diet (this is why some antibiotics target prokaryotic folate synthesis).
- Energy sources: Prokaryotes can use a wide variety of energy sources (organic, inorganic, light); Eukaryotes mainly use organic molecules (e.g., glucose) as energy sources.
- Carbon sources: Prokaryotes can be autotrophic (using CO₂) or heterotrophic (using organic carbon); Eukaryotes are mostly heterotrophic (except for plants and some protists which are autotrophic).
If we were to tabulate this (assuming we need to fill the table with the above information):
| Feature | Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic |
|---|---|---|
| Size | ~0.1 - 5.0 μm | ~10 - 100 μm |
| Cell wall | Peptidoglycan (in bacteria) | Cellulose (plant cells), absent (animal cells) |
| Number of cells/organism | Unicellular | Unicellular or multicellular |
| Cell replication | Binary fission | Mitosis (meiosis for gametes) |
| Flagella | Simple (flagellin - based) | 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement |
| Pilli | Present (in some) | Absent |
| Metabolism | ||
| Site of electron transport chain | Plasma membrane | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Final electron acceptor in metabolism | O₂ (aerobic), other molecules (anaerobic) | O₂ (aerobic), pyruvate/derivatives (anaerobic fermentation) |
| Oxygen requirement | Aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative | Mostly aerobic, some facultative |
| Folate requirement | Synthesize folate | Require folate from diet |
| Energy sources | Diverse (organic, inorganic, light) | Mainly organic (e.g., glucose) |
| Carbon sources…
The table compares Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells across General and Metabolism - related features. For each feature, we use known biological characteristics of prokaryotes (like bacteria) and eukaryotes (like plant, animal, fungal cells) to fill in the differences. For example, in size, prokaryotes are smaller; in cell wall composition, prokaryotes (bacteria) have peptidoglycan while eukaryotic plant cells have cellulose. In cell replication, prokaryotes use binary fission and eukaryotes use mitosis. For the electron transport chain site, prokaryotes use the plasma membrane and eukaryotes use the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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| Feature | Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic |
|---|---|---|
| Size | ~0.1 - 5.0 μm | ~10 - 100 μm |
| Cell wall | Peptidoglycan (in bacteria) | Cellulose (plant cells), absent (animal cells) |
| Number of cells/organism | Unicellular | Unicellular or multicellular |
| Cell replication | Binary fission | Mitosis (meiosis for gametes) |
| Flagella | Simple (flagellin - based) | 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement |
| Pilli | Present (in some) | Absent |
| Metabolism | ||
| Site of electron transport chain | Plasma membrane | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Final electron acceptor in metabolism | O₂ (aerobic), other molecules (anaerobic) | O₂ (aerobic), pyruvate/derivatives (anaerobic fermentation) |
| Oxygen requirement | Aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative | Mostly aerobic, some facultative |
| Folate requirement | Synthesize folate | Require folate from diet |
| Energy sources | Diverse (organic, inorganic, light) | Mainly organic (e.g., glucose) |
| Carbon sources | Autotrophic or heterotrophic | Mostly heterotrophic (some autotrophic) |