Question

read each scenario and determine the cause of invalid data. renata wants to survey her 30 classmates about their favorite hobby. her data can contain only 13 data points. nev forgot to write down one data point, so he made it up. keith accidentally left out a step when writing his experimental procedure. adele recorded the distance between two objects in inches rather than centimeters.

Explanation:

For Renata's scenario:

Step1: Analyze the survey

Renata has 30 classmates to survey, but her data has only 13 points. This is a case of incomplete data collection (not surveying all intended subjects), leading to invalid data due to insufficient sample size or incomplete sampling.

Step2: Identify the cause

The cause is that she did not collect data from all 30 classmates (incomplete data collection, maybe due to not surveying everyone, leading to fewer data points than the population size of her classmates).

Step1: Analyze Nev's action

Nev forgot a data point and made it up. Making up data (fabricating data) is a form of data falsification or introducing false data.

Step2: Identify the cause

The cause is data fabrication (making up a data point instead of accurately recording or obtaining it).

Step1: Analyze the experimental procedure

Keith left out a step in his experimental procedure. This affects the validity of the experiment and the data collected because the procedure not being fully documented or followed can lead to inconsistent or incorrect data collection (e.g., if others try to replicate or if the procedure's steps are necessary for accurate data).

Step2: Identify the cause

The cause is an incomplete experimental procedure (missing a step), which can lead to invalid data due to improper execution or replication issues.

Answer:

Incomplete data collection (did not survey all 30 classmates, resulting in only 13 data points).

For Nev's scenario: