Question

a spiritual leader or religious teacher in judaism *
rabbi
priest
imam
monk
which is not an islamic innovation *
medicine
astronomy
exploration
cotton gin

Explanation:

In Judaism, a rabbi is a spiritual leader or religious teacher. Priests are associated with other religions like Christianity in some contexts, imams are leaders in Islam, and monks are in various monastic - based religions. Regarding the second question, Muslims made significant contributions to medicine, astronomy, and exploration, but the cotton gin was an invention by Eli Whitney in the United States and not an Islamic innovation.

Answer:

A. Rabbi
D. Cotton Gin