3.1 synthesis of biological molecules
1. define biological macromolecule.
2. list the four major classes of biological molecules:
3. in dehydration synthesis, ________ is removed to join two monomers and form a ________ bond. this creates larger molecules called ________. hydrolysis is the reverse process where ________ is added to break down ________ into monomers.

3.2 carbohydrates
1. what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates?
2. define monosaccharides.
3. list three monosaccharide and describe how each differs.
4. define disaccharides.
5. list the three common disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make up each.
6. define the following:
a. polysaccharide-
b. starch-
c. glycogen-
d. cellulose –
e. chitin –

Question

3.1 synthesis of biological molecules
1. define biological macromolecule.
2. list the four major classes of biological molecules:
3. in dehydration synthesis, ________ is removed to join two monomers and form a ________ bond. this creates larger molecules called ________. hydrolysis is the reverse process where ________ is added to break down ________ into monomers.

3.2 carbohydrates
1. what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates?
2. define monosaccharides.
3. list three monosaccharide and describe how each differs.
4. define disaccharides.
5. list the three common disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make up each.
6. define the following:
   a. polysaccharide-
   b. starch-
   c. glycogen-
   d. cellulose –
   e. chitin –

Accepted Answer

### 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Molecules
1. **Define Biological Macromolecule**
# Brief Explanations:
A biological macromolecule is a large, complex molecule essential for life processes, formed by the polymerization of smaller units (monomers). Examples include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
# Answer:
A large, complex molecule (e.g., protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid) formed by polymerizing smaller monomers, essential for biological functions.

2. **List the four major classes of Biological Molecules**
# Brief Explanations:
The four major classes are carbohydrates (energy storage, structure), lipids (energy storage, membrane structure), proteins (structural, enzymatic, transport, etc.), and nucleic acids (genetic information storage/transfer).
# Answer:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

3. **In dehydration synthesis, ______ is removed to join two monomers and form a ______ bond. This creates larger molecules called ______. Hydrolysis is the reverse process where ______ is added to break down ______ into monomers.**
# Brief Explanations:
Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule ($\ce{H2O}$: one $\ce{H}$ from one monomer, $\ce{OH}$ from another) to form a covalent bond (e.g., glycosidic, peptide, phosphodiester) and create polymers. Hydrolysis adds water to break polymers into monomers.
# Answer:
water ($\ce{H2O}$); covalent (e.g., glycosidic/peptide/phosphodiester); polymers; water ($\ce{H2O}$); polymers

### 3.2 Carbohydrates
1. **What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates?**
# Brief Explanations:
Carbohydrates have the general formula $\ce{(CH2O)_n}$, so the ratio of carbon (C) to hydrogen (H) atoms is $1:2$ (since for each C, there are 2 H atoms).
# Answer:
The ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates is $1:2$ (from the general formula $\ce{(CH2O)_n}$).

2. **Define monosaccharides**
# Brief Explanations:
Monosaccharides are the simplest (single-unit) carbohydrates, the monomers of more complex carbs. They are simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose) with the formula $\ce{C6H12O6}$ (hexoses) or $\ce{C5H10O5}$ (pentoses), and they cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller sugars.
# Answer:
Monosaccharides are the simplest (single-unit) carbohydrates (simple sugars), monomers of complex carbs, with formulas like $\ce{C6H12O6}$ (hexoses) or $\ce{C5H10O5}$ (pentoses), and cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller sugars.

3. **List three monosaccharide and describe how each differs**
# Brief Explanations:
- **Glucose**: Hexose (6C), aldohexose (aldehyde group), primary energy source, linear/ring (α/β) structures.
- **Fructose**: Hexose, ketohexose (ketone group), isomer of glucose, sweeter, found in fruits/honey.
- **Galactose**: Hexose, aldohexose, isomer of glucose (differs in hydroxyl group position), found in milk (lactose component).
# Answer:
- Glucose: Hexose (6C), aldohexose, primary energy source, linear/ring structures.
- Fructose: Hexose, ketohexose, isomer of glucose, sweeter, in fruits/honey.
- Galactose: Hexose, aldohexose, glucose isomer (hydroxyl position), in milk (lactose).

4. **Define disaccharides**
# Brief Explanations:
Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed by joining two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond (dehydration synthesis). They are "double sugars" (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose) and can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides.
# Answer:
Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides linked via a glycosidic bond (dehydration synthesis), "double sugars" (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose) hydrolyzable into two monosaccharides.

5. **List the three common disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make up each**
# Brief Explanations:
- **Sucrose**: Glucose + Fructose (table sugar, plant transport sugar).
- **Lactose**: Glucose + Galactose (milk sugar, in dairy products).
- **Maltose**: Glucose + Glucose (malt sugar, from starch hydrolysis).
# Answer:
- Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
- Lactose: Glucose + Galactose
- Maltose: Glucose + Glucose

6. **Define the following:**
   a. **Polysaccharide**
# Brief Explanations:
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by many (hundreds/thousands) monosaccharides linked via glycosidic bonds. They serve as energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen) or structural support (e.g., cellulose, chitin).
# Answer:
Polysaccharides: Complex carbs with many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, for energy storage (e.g., starch) or structure (e.g., cellulose).

b. **Starch**
# Brief Explanations:
Starch is a polysaccharide (energy storage in plants) composed of glucose monomers. It has two forms: amylose (linear, unbranched) and amylopectin (branched).
# Answer:
Starch: Plant energy-storage polysaccharide of glucose, with amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) forms.

c. **Glycogen**
# Brief Explanations:
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose, serving as short-term energy storage in animal livers and muscles.
# Answer:
Glycogen: Highly branched animal energy-storage polysaccharide of glucose (in liver/muscle).

d. **Cellulose**
# Brief Explanations:
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, composed of glucose monomers linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds (humans cannot digest it, but it is dietary fiber).
# Answer:
Cellulose: Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, glucose monomers (β-1,4 bonds), indigestible by humans (dietary fiber).

e. **Chitin**
# Brief Explanations:
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls, arthropod exoskeletons, and some animal tissues, composed of N-acetylglucosamine monomers.
# Answer:
Chitin: Structural polysaccharide in fungi, arthropod exoskeletons, N-acetylglucosamine monomers.

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3.1 Synthesis of Biological Molecules

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