Question

unit 2: biochemistry macromolecules chart
biological macromolecule | elements | polymer | function | monomer | examples
carbohydrate -ose
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
hydrolysis - adding water to split polymers dehydration - removing water to join monomers together

Explanation:

To complete the "Biochemistry Macromolecules Chart", we analyze each macromolecule:

1. Carbohydrate (-ose)

• Elements: $C, H, O$ (ratio $1:2:1$, e.g., $C_6H_{12}O_6$)
• Polymer: Polysaccharide (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
• Function: Primary energy source (short-term energy); structural support (e.g., cellulose in plants).
• Monomer: Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
• Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose

2. Lipids

• Elements: $C, H, O$ (often more $H$ than $O$; some contain $P, N$)
• Polymer: No true polymer (lipids are non-polar and do not form long chains like others)
• Function: Long-term energy storage; insulation; cell membrane structure (phospholipids); hormone signaling (steroids).
• Monomer: Fatty acids + glycerol (triglycerides: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol)
• Examples: Fats, oils, phospholipids, cholesterol

3. Proteins

• Elements: $C, H, O, N$ (sometimes $S$)
• Polymer: Polypeptide (chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds)
• Function: Enzymes (catalyze reactions); structural (e.g., collagen); transport (e.g., hemoglobin); immune (e.g., antibodies); signaling (e.g., hormones).
• Monomer: Amino acid (20 different types, each with $-NH_2$, $-COOH$, and a unique $R$-group)
• Examples: Hemoglobin, insulin, keratin, enzymes (e.g., amylase)

4. Nucleic Acids

• Elements: $C, H, O, N, P$
• Polymer: Polynucleotide (chain of nucleotides)
• Function: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA: genetic code; RNA: protein synthesis).
• Monomer: Nucleotide (3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
• Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Filling the Chart (Table Format)

Biological Macromolecule	Elements	Polymer	Function	Monomer	Examples
Lipids	$C, H, O$ (±P,N)	No true polymer	Energy storage; insulation; membrane structure	Fatty acids + glycerol	Fats, phospholipids, cholesterol
Proteins	$C, H, O, N$ (±S)	Polypeptide	Enzymes, structure, transport, immunity	Amino acid	Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes
Nucleic Acids	$C, H, O, N, P$	Polynucleotide	Genetic information storage/transmission	Nucleotide	DNA, RNA

Key Processes (Bottom of Chart)

• Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water (e.g., digesting starch into glucose).
• Dehydration Synthesis: Joins monomers into polymers by removing water (e.g., glucose → starch).

If you need to summarize or format this differently, let me know!

Answer:

To complete the "Biochemistry Macromolecules Chart", we analyze each macromolecule:

1. Carbohydrate (-ose)

• Elements: $C, H, O$ (ratio $1:2:1$, e.g., $C_6H_{12}O_6$)
• Polymer: Polysaccharide (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
• Function: Primary energy source (short-term energy); structural support (e.g., cellulose in plants).
• Monomer: Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
• Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose

2. Lipids

• Elements: $C, H, O$ (often more $H$ than $O$; some contain $P, N$)
• Polymer: No true polymer (lipids are non-polar and do not form long chains like others)
• Function: Long-term energy storage; insulation; cell membrane structure (phospholipids); hormone signaling (steroids).
• Monomer: Fatty acids + glycerol (triglycerides: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol)
• Examples: Fats, oils, phospholipids, cholesterol

3. Proteins

• Elements: $C, H, O, N$ (sometimes $S$)
• Polymer: Polypeptide (chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds)
• Function: Enzymes (catalyze reactions); structural (e.g., collagen); transport (e.g., hemoglobin); immune (e.g., antibodies); signaling (e.g., hormones).
• Monomer: Amino acid (20 different types, each with $-NH_2$, $-COOH$, and a unique $R$-group)
• Examples: Hemoglobin, insulin, keratin, enzymes (e.g., amylase)

4. Nucleic Acids

• Elements: $C, H, O, N, P$
• Polymer: Polynucleotide (chain of nucleotides)
• Function: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA: genetic code; RNA: protein synthesis).
• Monomer: Nucleotide (3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)
• Examples: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Filling the Chart (Table Format)

Biological Macromolecule	Elements	Polymer	Function	Monomer	Examples
Lipids	$C, H, O$ (±P,N)	No true polymer	Energy storage; insulation; membrane structure	Fatty acids + glycerol	Fats, phospholipids, cholesterol
Proteins	$C, H, O, N$ (±S)	Polypeptide	Enzymes, structure, transport, immunity	Amino acid	Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes
Nucleic Acids	$C, H, O, N, P$	Polynucleotide	Genetic information storage/transmission	Nucleotide	DNA, RNA

Key Processes (Bottom of Chart)

• Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water (e.g., digesting starch into glucose).
• Dehydration Synthesis: Joins monomers into polymers by removing water (e.g., glucose → starch).

If you need to summarize or format this differently, let me know!