unit test
constitutional underpinnings

(10 points)
1. how did the enlightenment and american revolution change the way people viewed their relationship to their rulers?
answer:

(10 points)
2. what were the two main compromises of the constitutional convention and how did they affect the government?
answer:

(5 points)
3. what is the purpose of the preamble?
answer:

(10 points)
4. what is a federal system of government and why did the framers choose to design a federal system of government for the united states?
answer:

Question

unit test
constitutional underpinnings

(10 points)
1. how did the enlightenment and american revolution change the way people viewed their relationship to their rulers?
answer:

(10 points)
2. what were the two main compromises of the constitutional convention and how did they affect the government?
answer:

(5 points)
3. what is the purpose of the preamble?
answer:

(10 points)
4. what is a federal system of government and why did the framers choose to design a federal system of government for the united states?
answer:

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
The Enlightenment introduced ideas like popular sovereignty (Locke’s social contract, Rousseau’s general will) and limited government (Montesquieu’s separation of powers). The American Revolution, with its Declaration of Independence (asserting “all men are created equal” and right to overthrow tyrannical rule), shifted views from passive acceptance of monarchical/ruling authority to believing people had rights to consent to governance, hold rulers accountable, and even revolt if rights were violated.
# Answer:
The Enlightenment (via thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu) introduced ideas of popular sovereignty, social contract, and limited government, challenging the “divine right of kings.” The American Revolution (and its Declaration of Independence) demonstrated that people could overthrow a tyrannical ruler, established the idea that government’s power comes from the people’s consent, and popularized the belief that citizens have rights (e.g., life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) rulers must respect. This shifted views from passive obedience to active participation/accountability in governance.

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The **Great Compromise** (Connecticut Compromise) resolved legislative representation: bicameral Congress (Senate = equal state representation; House = representation by population). The **Three - Fifths Compromise** counted 3/5 of enslaved people for representation (boosted Southern state power) and taxation. The Great Compromise created a balanced legislative system (pleasing both large/small states), while the Three - Fifths Compromise temporarily preserved slavery and shaped Southern political influence (more House seats, electoral votes) until the Civil War.
# Answer:
1. **Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)**: Created a bicameral legislature. The Senate has 2 senators per state (equal representation, pleasing small states), and the House of Representatives has seats based on state population (pleasing large states). It balanced state power, ensuring neither large nor small states dominated Congress.
2. **Three - Fifths Compromise**: Enslaved people were counted as 3/5 of a person for both congressional representation (increasing Southern states’ House seats/electoral votes) and direct taxation. It preserved slavery (to keep Southern states in the Union) and gave the South disproportionate political power until the Civil War era.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution outlines the document’s purpose: to “form a more perfect Union,” establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty (for themselves and future generations). It introduces the Constitution, states the source of authority (the people), and sets the goals of the government.
# Answer:
The Preamble introduces the U.S. Constitution, declares the government’s authority comes from “We the People,” and outlines the Constitution’s goals: forming a stronger union, establishing justice, ensuring peace (domestic tranquility), defending the nation, promoting public well - being (general welfare), and preserving liberty for citizens and future generations.

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
A **federal system** divides power between a national (federal) government and state governments, with both having their own spheres of authority (e.g., federal: defense, interstate commerce; state: education, local governance) and some shared powers (e.g., taxation). The Framers chose federalism to balance power: avoid the tyranny of a too - strong central government (like British rule) and prevent chaos from too - weak state governments (like under the Articles of Confederation). It also accommodated regional differences (e.g., economic, cultural) while uniting states for common goals (defense, trade).
# Answer:
A **federal system of government** divides power between a central (federal) government and state governments. Both levels have their own powers (e.g., federal: coin money, declare war; state: regulate local commerce, run elections) and shared powers (e.g., tax).

The Framers chose federalism to:
- Avoid the tyranny of a strong central government (learned from British colonial rule).
- Prevent the weakness of a too - decentralized system (seen in the Articles of Confederation, which led to state disputes and inability to act collectively).
- Balance state autonomy (for regional needs) with national unity (for common defense, interstate trade, and stability).

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