water’s way: thinking like a watershed video guide
name: ____________________ pd. ___
https://www.phs.org/video/waters-way-thinking-like-a-watershed-7oepzm/
1. what did aldo leopold learn from shooting wolves in the mountains?
if you take wolves out then deer start to populate more and they eat the mountain endangering/ruining it.
2. in the 1970’s grace brush took soil cores from the chesapeake, which provided snapshots of changes throughout time.
a. a shift from oak to ragweed corresponded to what?
b. what else has her work been able to show?
3. how is run-off water different in developed areas compared with undeveloped areas?
4. what happens when large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus run-off into the water?
5. how has the biodiversity in the chesapeake changed since human colonization/deforestation?
6. what happened in ellicott city because they are downstream of 3 square miles of urban development? explain why this happened.

Question

water’s way: thinking like a watershed video guide
name: ____________________ pd. ___
https://www.phs.org/video/waters-way-thinking-like-a-watershed-7oepzm/
1. what did aldo leopold learn from shooting wolves in the mountains?
if you take wolves out then deer start to populate more and they eat the mountain endangering/ruining it.
2. in the 1970’s grace brush took soil cores from the chesapeake, which provided snapshots of changes throughout time.
   a. a shift from oak to ragweed corresponded to what?
   b. what else has her work been able to show?
3. how is run-off water different in developed areas compared with undeveloped areas?
4. what happens when large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus run-off into the water?
5. how has the biodiversity in the chesapeake changed since human colonization/deforestation?
6. what happened in ellicott city because they are downstream of 3 square miles of urban development? explain why this happened.

Accepted Answer

Since this is a set of questions related to environmental science (a subfield of Natural Science) and ecology, here are the answers and explanations for each question:

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
Aldo Leopold learned about the concept of a trophic cascade. Removing wolves (a top predator) led to an overpopulation of deer. The deer then overgrazed the mountain vegetation, damaging the ecosystem. This showed the importance of top predators in maintaining ecological balance.
# Answer:
Aldo Leopold learned that removing wolves (top predators) caused deer overpopulation, which overgrazed the mountain, damaging the ecosystem (demonstrating trophic cascades and the importance of predator - prey balance in ecosystems).

### Question 2a
# Brief Explanations:
A shift from oak to ragweed in the soil cores from the Chesapeake corresponded to land - use change, specifically the clearing of land (deforestation) for agriculture or settlement. Oak is a tree species typical of forested areas, while ragweed is more associated with disturbed, open, or agricultural lands. So this shift indicated a change from forested to disturbed/agricultural land use.
# Answer:
A shift from oak to ragweed corresponded to land - use change (specifically deforestation for agriculture/settlement, moving from forested to disturbed land).

### Question 2b
# Brief Explanations:
Grace Brush's work with soil cores has been able to show long - term changes in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. This includes changes in vegetation over time, which can be linked to changes in land use, climate, and human activities. It also helps in understanding the impacts of these changes on the overall ecosystem health, such as changes in nutrient cycling, sedimentation, and the subsequent effects on aquatic life in the Chesapeake Bay.
# Answer:
Her work has shown long - term ecosystem changes (vegetation, land - use, climate, and human - impact related changes) in the Chesapeake Bay, including impacts on aquatic life and nutrient cycling.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
In undeveloped areas, most of the precipitation infiltrates into the ground or is taken up by plants. Run - off is relatively slow, and the water has more time to be filtered by soil and vegetation. In developed areas, there is a lot of impervious surfaces (like roads, buildings, parking lots). So, run - off is much faster and greater in volume. Also, the run - off in developed areas often carries more pollutants (like oil, chemicals, sediment) because it runs over these impervious surfaces instead of being filtered by soil.
# Answer:
In developed areas, run - off is faster, greater in volume, and more polluted (due to impervious surfaces) compared to undeveloped areas (where water infiltrates/ is filtered by soil/vegetation).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
When large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus run - off into water, it causes eutrophication. Eutrophication leads to excessive growth of algae (algal blooms). When the algae die, bacteria decompose them, using up large amounts of oxygen in the water. This leads to hypoxia (low oxygen levels), which can kill fish and other aquatic organisms. Also, the algal blooms can block sunlight from reaching underwater plants, further disrupting the ecosystem.
# Answer:
Large nitrogen/phosphorus run - off causes eutrophication: algal blooms, followed by hypoxia (low oxygen) killing aquatic life, and disruption of underwater plant growth.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Since human colonization and deforestation in the Chesapeake region, biodiversity has decreased. Deforestation and land - use changes (like agriculture, urbanization) have destroyed habitats. Pollution from human activities (like nutrient run - off, industrial waste) has also degraded water quality. Overfishing has reduced fish populations. Invasive species introduced by humans have out - competed native species. So, many native plant and animal species have declined or been lost, and the overall ecosystem has become less diverse.
# Answer:
Biodiversity in the Chesapeake has decreased. Habitat loss (deforestation/land - use change), pollution, overfishing, and invasive species have reduced native species diversity.

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
In Ellicott City, there were severe floods. The 3 square miles of urban development upstream has a lot of impervious surfaces. So, when it rains, the run - off is much faster and greater in volume. This increased run - off flows downstream to Ellicott City, overwhelming the natural drainage systems. The fast - moving water causes erosion, and the large volume of water leads to flooding, damaging buildings and infrastructure.
# Answer:
Ellicott City experienced severe flooding. Urban development upstream (impervious surfaces) increased run - off volume/speed, overwhelming drainage and causing flooding.

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