Question

what is latitude? how is it measured? 1. lines of latitude are imaginary lines that run completely around the globe—full circles. if you travel along any of these lines you are going east or west. 2. the equator is numbered 0 degrees or 0°. the equator divides the world into two halves or hemispheres: the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. all places that are north of the equator are said to have north latitude. all places south of the equator are said to have south latitude. so, place a on the diagram below is on the 10° north latitude line. a simple way to write 10° north is 10°n. place c is on the 10° south latitude line, or 10°s. what is the latitude of place b? ____ your answer should be 20°n. what is the latitude of place d? __ if you wrote 20°s you were correct. 3. all lines of latitude are parallel. this means that no matter how far two lines of latitude are extended they would never meet. so, on the diagram above you can see that the equator, the 10°n line of latitude and the 10°s line of latitude are parallel. in fact, sometimes lines of latitude are called parallels. 4. to prevent maps from becoming too cluttered with lines, map makers show only a few lines of latitude, generally 10 or 20 degrees apart. the diagram in the next column shows lines of latitude that are 10° apart. starting from 0°, the equator, the lines of latitude are numbered north and south to 90°. the north pole is 90°n, and the south pole is 90°s. 5. here is an opportunity to practice finding the latitudes of a number of places. place a has been given its latitude to help you get started. diagram with a: 80°n, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l a: 80°n g: __ b: __ h: __ c: __ i: __ d: __ j: __ e: __ k: __ f: __ l: __ 6. you can easily determine how many degrees separate one place from another place. for example, b is on the 60°n line of latitude; c is on the 40°n line of latitude. by subtracting we find that b is 20° further north than c. how many degrees of latitude separate: c from d? __ e from f? __ g from k? __ c from i? ____

Answer:

Part 1: Determining Latitudes of Places

Place B

Step1: Analyze the diagram (small circle)

Looking at the small circle diagram, Place B is in the Northern Hemisphere, on the \(20^\circ\) north latitude line. So its latitude is \(20^\circ\text{N}\).

Place D

Step1: Analyze the diagram (small circle)

Place D is in the Southern Hemisphere, on the \(20^\circ\) south latitude line. So its latitude is \(20^\circ\text{S}\).

Place G (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place G is south of the equator (\(0^\circ\)), on the \(10^\circ\) south latitude line. So latitude: \(10^\circ\text{S}\).

Place H (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place H is south of the equator, on the \(20^\circ\) south latitude line. So latitude: \(20^\circ\text{S}\).

Place C (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place C is north of the equator, on the \(40^\circ\) north latitude line. So latitude: \(40^\circ\text{N}\).

Place I (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place I is south of the equator, on the \(30^\circ\) south latitude line. So latitude: \(30^\circ\text{S}\).

Place D (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place D is north of the equator, on the \(30^\circ\) north latitude line. So latitude: \(30^\circ\text{N}\).

Place J (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place J is south of the equator, on the \(40^\circ\) south latitude line. So latitude: \(40^\circ\text{S}\).

Place E (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place E is north of the equator, on the \(20^\circ\) north latitude line. So latitude: \(20^\circ\text{N}\).

Place K (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place K is south of the equator, on the \(60^\circ\) south latitude line. So latitude: \(60^\circ\text{S}\).

Place F (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place F is north of the equator, on the \(10^\circ\) north latitude line. So latitude: \(10^\circ\text{N}\).

Place L (large circle)

Step1: Analyze the large circle diagram

Place L is south of the equator, on the \(70^\circ\) south latitude line. So latitude: \(70^\circ\text{S}\).

Part 2: Degrees of Latitude Separation

C from D

Step1: Find latitudes of C and D

C: \(40^\circ\text{N}\), D: \(30^\circ\text{S}\).

Step2: Calculate the difference

To find the separation, we add the absolute values (since one is north and one is south of the equator).
\(\vert40^\circ\vert+\vert - 30^\circ\vert=40 + 30=70^\circ\)? Wait, no, wait the large circle: Wait, in the large circle, C is \(40^\circ\text{N}\), D is \(30^\circ\text{N}\)? Wait no, re - check. Wait the small circle: C is \(10^\circ\text{S}\), D is \(20^\circ\text{S}\). Wait, the problem's part 6: "For example, B is on the \(60^\circ\text{N}\) line of latitude; C is on the \(40^\circ\text{N}\) line of latitude. By subtracting we find that B is \(20^\circ\) further north than C." So in part 6, we use the large circle.

For C (large circle): \(40^\circ\text{N}\), D (large circle): \(30^\circ\text{S}\)? No, D in large circle: looking at the diagram, D is north of equator, \(30^\circ\text{N}\)? Wait, no, the large circle's latitude lines: from \(0^\circ\) (equator), north: \(10^\circ\text{N},20^\circ\text{N},30^\circ\text{N},40^\circ\text{N},50^\circ\text{N},60^\circ\text{N},70^\circ\text{N},80^\circ\text{N},90^\circ\text{N}\); south: \(10^\circ\text{S},20^\circ\text{S},30^\circ\text{S},40^\circ\text{S},50^\circ\text{S},60^\circ\text{S},70^\circ\text{S},80^\circ\text{S},90^\circ\text{S}\).

Place C: \(40^\circ\text{N}\), Place D: \(30^\circ\text{N}\)? No, that can't be. Wait, the example: B is \(60^\circ\text{N}\), C is \(40^\circ\text{N}\), difference \(20^\circ\). So for C (\(40^\circ\text{N}\)) and D: let's see D's position. D is on \(30^\circ\text{N}\)? No, wait the large circle: C is at \(40^\circ\text{N}\), D is at \(30^\circ\text{N}\)? No, maybe I made a mistake. Wait, the problem says "C is on the \(40^\circ\text{N}\) line of latitude", D: let's check the diagram. D is on \(30^\circ\text{N}\)? Then the difference is \(40 - 30 = 10^\circ\)? No, the example: B (\(60^\circ\text{N}\)) and C (\(40^\circ\text{N}\)): \(60 - 40=20^\circ\). So for C (\(40^\circ\text{N}\)) and D: if D is \(30^\circ\text{N}\), difference is \(10^\circ\)? Wait, no, maybe in the large circle, C is \(40^\circ\text{N}\), D is \(30^\circ\text{S}\)? No, that would be \(40 + 30 = 70^\circ\). But the example uses subtraction (same hemisphere). So probably C and D are in the same hemisphere? Wait, no, the small circle: C is \(10^\circ\text{S}\), D is \(20^\circ\text{S}\), difference \(10^\circ\). But part 6 is about the large circle.

Wait, the problem's part 6: "How many degrees of latitude separate: C from D? E from F? G from K? C from I?"

Let's re - assign:

• C: \(40^\circ\text{N}\)
• D: \(30^\circ\text{N}\) (same hemisphere, north), so difference \(40 - 30=10^\circ\)? No, the example: B (\(60^\circ\text{N}\)) - C (\(40^\circ\text{N}\)) = \(20^\circ\). So maybe D is \(30^\circ\text{S}\)? Then \(40+30 = 70^\circ\). But that seems big. Wait, maybe I misread the diagram.

Alternative approach:

For E from F:

• E: \(20^\circ\text{N}\)
• F: \(10^\circ\text{N}\)

Difference: \(20 - 10 = 10^\circ\)

For G from K:

• G: \(10^\circ\text{S}\)
• K: \(60^\circ\text{S}\)

Difference: \(60 - 10 = 50^\circ\) (same hemisphere, south)

For C from I:

• C: \(40^\circ\text{N}\)
• I: \(30^\circ\text{S}\)

Difference: \(40+30 = 70^\circ\)

Final Answers (Latitudes):

• B: \(20^\circ\text{N}\)
• G: \(10^\circ\text{S}\)
• H: \(20^\circ\text{S}\)
• C: \(40^\circ\text{N}\)
• I: \(30^\circ\text{S}\)
• D: \(30^\circ\text{N}\)
• J: \(40^\circ\text{S}\)
• E: \(20^\circ\text{N}\)
• K: \(60^\circ\text{S}\)
• F: \(10^\circ\text{N}\)
• L: \(70^\circ\text{S}\)

Final Answers (Separations):

• C from D: \(10^\circ\) (if D is \(30^\circ\text{N}\)) or \(70^\circ\) (if D is \(30^\circ\text{S}\)) - but based on example, likely same hemisphere, so \(10^\circ\) (assuming D is \(30^\circ\text{N}\))
• E from F: \(10^\circ\)
• G from K: \(50^\circ\)
• C from I: \(70^\circ\)

(Note: The exact answers for separations depend on the precise positions in the diagram, but the above is based on the given example and latitude line spacing of \(10^\circ\) as per the text "lines of latitude that are \(10^\circ\) apart".)