Question

1. what were the means by which the christian movement defined orthodox belief and established ecclesiastical authority in late antiquity? 4. what are some of the main reasons that “universal” christianity dissolved into the orthodox, roman catholic and protestant traditions? 5. do you believe that the christian ecumenical movement has a realistic chance of restoring the original unity of the christian church?

Explanation:

1. In late - antiquity, the Christian movement defined orthodox ecclesiastical authority through concepts like apostolic succession, the role of bishops as successors of the apostles, and the acceptance of certain creeds and doctrines. These elements helped establish what was considered correct belief and practice.
2. Reasons for the dissolution of "universal" Christianity into Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant traditions include theological disputes (e.g., over the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed), political differences (such as the influence of the Roman Empire and later nation - states), and power struggles within the Church hierarchy.
3. The likelihood of the Christian ecumenical movement restoring the original unity of the Christian Church is a matter of debate. On one hand, there have been positive dialogues and shared understandings among different traditions. On the other hand, deep - seated theological, liturgical, and organizational differences remain significant obstacles.

Answer:

1. Through apostolic succession, role of bishops, and acceptance of creeds/doctrines.
2. Theological disputes, political differences, power struggles.
3. It is debatable; positive dialogues but significant differences remain.