Question

i. what is the protestant reformation
directions: watch history 101: the protestant reform
instrucciones: vea historia 101: la protestant reform
when christianity began it was not a major religion. what happened in the 13th century?
cuando comenzó el cristianismo, no era una religión importante. ¿qué pasó en el siglo xiii?
the pope is the leader of the catholic church. by the 13th century who had more political and military power, the pope or the kings/rulers of european empires?
el papa es el líder de la iglesia católica. en el siglo xiii, ¿quién tenía más poder político y militar, el papa o los reyes/gobernantes de los imperios europeos?
how did humanism help to influence the protestant reformation?
¿cómo ayudó el humanismo a influir en la reforma protestante?
martin luther believed that the church was abusing its power. he also disagreed with the sale of indulgences. what were indulgences?

Explanation:

1. In the 13th - century, Christianity had become a dominant force in Europe. The Catholic Church was extremely powerful, controlling large - scale landholdings, influencing politics, and having significant cultural and educational sway.
2. By the 13th century, the Pope had considerable political and military power. Popes could excommunicate rulers, which had major political implications, and could call for military campaigns like the Crusades. However, the power of European kings was also growing, but in many cases, the Pope still held more overarching spiritual and political influence.
3. Humanism emphasized the study of classical texts and the value of the individual. It led people to question traditional Church teachings and authority, as humanists focused on reason and personal interpretation of the Bible, which was a key aspect of the Protestant Reformation.
4. Indulgences were certificates sold by the Catholic Church that, according to Church teaching at the time, reduced the temporal punishment due to sin, either for the living or for the dead in purgatory. Martin Luther opposed this practice as he believed it was a corrupt way of making money and went against true Christian faith.

Answer:

1. Christianity had become a dominant force in Europe with the Catholic Church having great power.
2. The Pope generally had more political and military power, though kings' power was rising.
3. Humanism led people to question Church teachings and authority through emphasis on reason and personal Bible - interpretation.
4. Indulgences were certificates sold by the Church to reduce punishment for sin.