Question

what are some typical examples of pioneer species in primary succession?
lichen and mosses
trees and shrubs
insects and birds

Explanation:

Primary succession occurs in areas with no soil or prior life. Lichens can grow on bare rock and secrete acids to break down rock, starting soil - formation. Mosses can then colonize the area. Trees and shrubs, insects and birds come later in the succession process.

Answer:

A. lichens and mosses