9. what is used to find the absolute age of a fossil?
10. what is used to find the relative age of a fossil?
11. what states that the processes that changed the earth in the past are the same processes that change the earth today.
12. what will happen to a fossil if it is in metamorphic rock?
13. what will happen to a fossil if it is in igneous rock?
14. which rock is best to find fossils in?
15. where are ice cores found?
16. what is catastrophism and how is it different from uniformitarianism?
17. iodine-131 is used to destroy thyroid tissue in the treatment of an overactive thyroid. the half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days. if the hospital receives a shipment of 200 g, how much of iodine-131 would remain after 32 days?

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Accepted Answer

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
To find the absolute age of a fossil, radiometric dating (using radioactive isotopes like carbon - 14, potassium - argon) is used. These methods measure the decay of radioactive elements in the fossil or surrounding rock to determine the exact age.
# Answer:
Radiometric dating (e.g., using radioactive isotopes like carbon - 14, potassium - argon)

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
To find the relative age of a fossil, the law of superposition (fossils in lower rock layers are older than those in upper layers), index fossils (fossils of organisms that existed for a short time and were widespread), and cross - cutting relationships are used. These help determine the order of events and the relative age of the fossil without giving an exact numerical age.
# Answer:
Law of superposition, index fossils, cross - cutting relationships (e.g., the law of superposition: fossils in lower rock layers are older than those in upper layers)

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
The principle of uniformitarianism states that the processes that changed the Earth in the past (like erosion, sedimentation, volcanic activity) are the same processes that change the Earth today. It was proposed by James Hutton and later developed by Charles Lyell.
# Answer:
Uniformitarianism

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
Metamorphic rocks form under high pressure and temperature. If a fossil is in metamorphic rock, the heat and pressure will usually destroy the fossil. The original structure of the fossil will be altered or completely eliminated due to the metamorphic processes.
# Answer:
The fossil will usually be destroyed (altered or eliminated) due to the high pressure and temperature of metamorphic processes.

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. For a fossil to be in igneous rock, the organism would have to be quickly buried in magma, which is very rare. Usually, if a fossil is in igneous rock, it is because the rock has undergone later processes, but in general, the heat from the magma would destroy the fossil. So the fossil is likely to be destroyed.
# Answer:
The fossil is likely to be destroyed (due to the heat from the magma/lava during igneous rock formation)

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
Sedimentary rocks are the best rocks to find fossils in. Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation of sediment (like sand, mud) in layers. Organisms can be buried in these sediments before they are lithified (turned into rock), preserving their remains as fossils. Igneous rocks form from magma (fossils would be destroyed by heat) and metamorphic rocks form under high pressure/temperature (fossils are destroyed).
# Answer:
Sedimentary rock

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
Ice cores are found in ice sheets and glaciers, mainly in polar regions (like Antarctica and Greenland) and in some high - altitude mountain glaciers. These areas have thick layers of ice that have accumulated over thousands of years, and ice cores are drilled from these ice masses to study past climates and environments.
# Answer:
Ice sheets (e.g., Antarctica, Greenland) and glaciers (including high - altitude mountain glaciers)

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
- Catastrophism: The theory that Earth's features were formed by sudden, short - lived, and violent events (catastrophes) that were very different from the slow, gradual processes we see today. For example, it was thought that major floods, volcanic eruptions, or meteorite impacts could have shaped the Earth in a short time.
- Difference from uniformitarianism: Uniformitarianism says that the same slow, gradual processes (like erosion, sedimentation) that operate today have been operating throughout Earth's history. Catastrophism emphasizes sudden, large - scale, and rare events, while uniformitarianism emphasizes slow, continuous processes.
# Answer:
- Catastrophism: Theory that Earth's features formed from sudden, violent, short - lived catastrophes (unlike today's slow processes).
- Difference: Uniformitarianism = slow, continuous processes (same past and present); Catastrophism = sudden, rare, violent events.

### Question 17
# Explanation:
## Step 1: Determine the number of half - lives
The half - life of iodine - 131 is 8 days. The total time is 32 days. To find the number of half - lives ($n$), we use the formula $n=\frac{	ext{total time}}{	ext{half - life}}$.
So, $n = \frac{32}{8}=4$.

## Step 2: Use the radioactive decay formula
The formula for radioactive decay is $N = N_0	imes(\frac{1}{2})^n$, where $N_0$ is the initial amount, $n$ is the number of half - lives, and $N$ is the remaining amount.
We know that $N_0 = 200\space g$ and $n = 4$.
Substitute the values into the formula: $N=200	imes(\frac{1}{2})^4$.

## Step 3: Calculate the remaining amount
First, calculate $(\frac{1}{2})^4=\frac{1}{16}$.
Then, $N = 200	imes\frac{1}{16}=\frac{200}{16} = 12.5\space g$.
# Answer:
$12.5\space g$

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