Question

which is not an example of an informal amendment to the u.s. constitution?
○ congress creates the system of committees and committee chairs.
○ the supreme court declares segregation constitutional in 1896 and then, in 1954, says it is unconstitutional.
○ the president sends military forces abroad without congress declaring war.
○ in the late twentieth century, states ratify an amendment first circulated by james madison in 1789

Explanation:

An informal amendment to the U.S. Constitution can occur through practices and interpretations that change how the Constitution is applied without a formal change to the text. The President sending military forces abroad without Congress declaring war is an example of an informal change in the balance of powers. Congress creating committees and committee chairs is a normal part of legislative - branch organization and not an informal amendment. The Supreme Court declaring segregation constitutional in 1896 and then in 1954 saying it is unconstitutional is an example of judicial interpretation changing over time, which can be an informal amendment. The idea of states ratifying an amendment first circulated by James Madison in 1789 is related to the formal amendment process, not an informal one.

Answer:

In the late twentieth century, states ratify an amendment first circulated by James Madison in 1789.