Question

which of the following describes fundamental liberties in the bill of rights being applied to the states on a case-by-case basis? * 2 points
a) dual federalism
b) selective incorporation
c) cooperative federalism
d) democratic-republicanism
which of the following describes a form of american federalism in which the national and state governments operate independently in their own areas of public policy? * 2 points
a) dual federalism
b) selective incorporation
c) cooperative federalism
d) democratic-republicanism

Explanation:

For the first question: Selective incorporation is the legal doctrine through which the U.S. Supreme Court applies specific provisions of the Bill of Rights to state governments on a case-by-case basis, rather than applying all provisions at once. Dual federalism refers to separate spheres of state and federal authority, cooperative federalism involves shared policy responsibilities, and democratic-republicanism is a political ideology focused on representative government.
For the second question: Dual federalism, often called "layer cake federalism," is the model where national and state governments have distinct, independent areas of policy authority and operate separately within their own spheres. Cooperative federalism involves shared power, selective incorporation relates to Bill of Rights application to states, and democratic-republicanism is a political ideology, not a federalism model.

Answer:

1. B) selective incorporation
2. A) dual federalism