Question

which of these was most responsible for the borders shown on the map?colonialismapartheidimmigration

Explanation:

The map shows Africa's modern national borders. European colonial powers divided Africa arbitrarily at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) without regard to existing ethnic, cultural, or linguistic boundaries, creating the border framework that remains today. Apartheid was a South African racial policy, and immigration did not shape these continental borders.

Answer:

colonialism