Question

1. which of the following is another way to characterize classical conditioning?

a. learning by contingency
b. learning by association
c. learning by trial and error
d. learning by observation

1. which of the following could function as an unconditioned stimulus?

a. a ten - dollar bill
b. a grade
c. a diploma
d. a slice of pizza

1. classically conditioned responses can be strengthened or weakened by manipulating

a. the organism being conditioned.
b. the process of pairing stimuli.
c. the type of neutral stimulus presented.
d. the time of day at which the conditioning procedure is done.

1. “responses that result in comfort or satisfaction are more likely to be repeated than those that do not.” this is one way to define the law of

a. conditioning
b. reinforcement
c. effect
d. responses

1. the behavioral theory that skinner created by expanding on thorndike’s work is called

a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. social learning
d. cognitive learning

1. sarah knows that the only thing that will make the annoying buzzer in the car stop is the immediate fastening of her seat - belt. she fastens it as soon as she gets in the car every time she drives. this is an example of

a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment

1. an animal trainer teaches a hen to play “basketball” by gradually reinforcing her pecking a small orange ball down a box - size court and through a toy hoop. the hen was trained to do this using

a. trial - and - error.
b. modeling.
c. vicarious reinforcement
d. shaping.

Explanation:

1. Classical - conditioning is learning by association.
2. A slice of pizza can be an unconditioned stimulus as it can naturally trigger a response like salivation.
3. Classical - conditioned responses are strengthened or weakened by the process of pairing stimuli.
4. The statement describes the Law of Effect.
5. Skinner expanded on Thorndike's work to create operant - conditioning.
6. Sarah's action to avoid the beeping (removing an aversive stimulus) is negative reinforcement.
7. Shaping is used to train an animal to perform a complex behavior by gradually reinforcing closer approximations of the target behavior.

Answer:

1. b. Learning by association
2. d. A slice of pizza
3. b. the process of pairing stimuli
4. c. Effect
5. b. operant conditioning
6. b. negative reinforcement
7. d. shaping