answer the following questions in complete sentences.
11. explain what causes protons and electrons to be attracted to each other inside an atom.
12. give an example from everyday life where youve experienced static electricity, and explain how it relates to charges.
13. describe the difference between a conductor and an insulator. give one example of each.
14. what are the two ways an object can charge up another object?
answer the following questions with a calculator.
15. a negative charge of -6.3x10^4 c exerts an attractive force of 25 n on a second charge that is 0.020 m away. how much charge does the second charge have?
16. a negative charge of -2.1x10^4 c exerts an attractive force of 36 n on a second charge that is 0.091 m away. how much charge does the second charge have?

Question

Accepted Answer

### 11.
# Brief Explanations:
Protons are positively - charged and electrons are negatively - charged. Opposite charges attract each other according to Coulomb's law. This electrostatic force of attraction holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus in an atom.
# Answer:
The attraction between protons and electrons inside an atom is caused by their opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged, and opposite charges attract each other.

### 12.
# Brief Explanations:
One common example of static electricity is when you rub a balloon on your hair. Electrons are transferred from your hair to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and your hair positively charged. The attraction between the charged balloon and neutral objects (like a wall) or other charged objects (your hair) is due to the electrostatic force between charges.
# Answer:
A common example of static electricity is when you rub a balloon on your hair. Rubbing the balloon on your hair transfers electrons, making the balloon negatively charged. It can then stick to a wall because of the attraction between the negatively - charged balloon and the neutral wall, which is a result of electrostatic forces between charges.

### 13.
# Brief Explanations:
A conductor allows the flow of electric charge easily because it has free - moving electrons. An insulator resists the flow of electric charge as its electrons are tightly bound. Copper is a good conductor as it has many free electrons. Rubber is an insulator as its electrons are not free to move easily.
# Answer:
The difference between a conductor and an insulator is that a conductor allows the flow of electric charge easily (e.g., copper), while an insulator resists the flow of electric charge (e.g., rubber).

### 14.
# Brief Explanations:
One way is by conduction, where a charged object touches a neutral object and transfers charge. Another way is by induction, where a charged object is brought near a neutral object, causing the charges in the neutral object to rearrange without direct contact.
# Answer:
An object can 'charge up' another object by conduction (direct contact and charge transfer) and by induction (rearrangement of charges without direct contact).

### 15.
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall Coulomb's law formula
The formula for Coulomb's law is $F = k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^{2}}$, where $F$ is the electrostatic force, $k = 9	imes10^{9}\ N\cdot m^{2}/C^{2}$, $q_1$ and $q_2$ are the charges, and $r$ is the distance between the charges. We want to find $q_2$. Rearranging the formula gives $q_2=\frac{F	imes r^{2}}{k	imes q_1}$.
## Step2: Substitute the given values
Given $F = 25\ N$, $r = 0.020\ m$, $q_1=- 6.3	imes10^{-4}\ C$, and $k = 9	imes10^{9}\ N\cdot m^{2}/C^{2}$.
$q_2=\frac{25	imes(0.020)^{2}}{9	imes10^{9}	imes(-6.3	imes10^{-4})}$
$q_2=\frac{25	imes4	imes10^{-4}}{9	imes10^{9}	imes(-6.3	imes10^{-4})}$
$q_2=\frac{100	imes10^{-4}}{- 56.7	imes10^{9}	imes10^{-4}}$
$q_2=\frac{100	imes10^{-4}}{-56.7	imes10^{5}}$
$q_2\approx - 1.76	imes10^{-6}\ C$
# Answer:
$-1.76	imes10^{-6}\ C$

### 16.
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall Coulomb's law formula
Using $F = k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^{2}}$, and rearranging for $q_2$ gives $q_2=\frac{F	imes r^{2}}{k	imes q_1}$.
## Step2: Substitute the given values
Given $F = 36\ N$, $r = 0.091\ m$, $q_1=-2.1	imes10^{-4}\ C$, and $k = 9	imes10^{9}\ N\cdot m^{2}/C^{2}$.
$q_2=\frac{36	imes(0.091)^{2}}{9	imes10^{9}	imes(-2.1	imes10^{-4})}$
$q_2=\frac{36	imes8.281	imes10^{-3}}{9	imes10^{9}	imes(-2.1	imes10^{-4})}$
$q_2=\frac{298.116	imes10^{-3}}{-18.9	imes10^{9}	imes10^{-4}}$
$q_2=\frac{298.116	imes10^{-3}}{-18.9	imes10^{5}}$
$q_2\approx - 1.58	imes10^{-6}\ C$
# Answer:
$-1.58	imes10^{-6}\ C$

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11.

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12.