Question

base your answers to questions 26 and 27 on the
passage below and on your knowledge of social studies

..... it recounts the life of the officials, the
notaries, the deputies, the proprietors of indian
labour, the priests, the miners and the
spaniards who travel from post to post along
the roads and rivers of peru; the visitors, the
judges, the indian chiefs and their subjects,
including the very poor.

in my work i have always tried to obtain the
most truthful accounts, accepting those which
seemed to be substantial and which were
confirmed from various sources. i have only
reported those facts which several people
agreed upon as being true....

— huamán poma, letter to a king: a peruvian
chief’s account of life under the incas and under
spanish rule, e. p. dutton 19

1. this author is describing the process he used in

(1) formulating a scientific theory from earlier
experiments
(2) developing a historical account from primary
sources
(3) comparing details of differing religions
(4) explaining the importance of obeying laws

1. partially visible

base your answer to question 28 on the summaries of
the “new laws” quoted below and on your knowledge
of social studies.

... art. 31. all indians held in encomienda by
the viceroys, by their lieutenants, royal officers,
prelates, monasteries, hospitals, religious
houses, mints, the treasury, etc., are to be
transferred forthwith to the crown. ...

art. 38. lawsuits involving indians are no longer
to be tried in the indies, or by the council of the
indies, but must be pleaded before the king
himself. ...

— new laws issued by emperor charles v,
1542–1543

1. one purpose of these laws was to

(1) reduce local authority and increase central
control
(2) increase religious authority and limit secular
influences
(3) guarantee citizenship to indians while
supporting traditional practices
(4) promote economic development while
expanding political rights for indians

Explanation:

Question 26

The author (Huamán Poma) talks about obtaining truthful accounts, accepting substantial ones confirmed from various sources, and reporting facts agreed upon as true. This process of using multiple sources to develop a historical account aligns with developing a historical account from primary sources. Option (1) is about scientific theory from experiments, which isn't related. Option (3) is about comparing religious details, not mentioned. Option (4) is about obeying laws, not relevant. So the correct option is (2).

Art. 31 transfers Indians from local entities (viceroys' lieutenants, monasteries, etc.) to the Crown. Art. 38 moves lawsuits involving Indians from local (Indies, Council of the Indies) to the King. This reduces local authority (since local entities lose control over Indians and their lawsuits) and increases central control (Crown and King gain that control). Option (2): The laws don't increase religious authority; in fact, they take Indians from religious houses (monasteries, etc.) to the Crown, so it's not about increasing religious authority. Option (3): The laws don't guarantee citizenship or support traditional practices. Option (4): The laws are about centralizing control, not promoting economic development or expanding political rights (moving lawsuits to the King is more about central control than expanding rights). So the correct option is (1).

Answer:

(2) developing a historical account from primary sources

Question 27

(Note: The question text for 27 is cut off, but assuming it relates to the passage. If we infer from the passage: The author's work recounts various groups' lives in Peru, and he uses multiple sources. If the question is about what the author's work reveals, e.g., about society under Spanish rule, but since the exact question is missing, we can't fully answer. However, if we assume a common follow - up: The passage shows a detailed look at different social groups (officials, notaries, Indians, etc.) in Peru under Spanish rule, so it could reveal the social structure. But without the exact question, we can't provide a definite answer here.)

Question 28