Question

birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the united states. its ugly record of brutality is widely known. negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts. there have been more unsolved bombings of negro homes and churches in birmingham than in any other city in the nation. these are the hard, brutal facts of the case. on the basis of these conditions, negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. but the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation....
you may well ask: \why direct action? why sit ins, marches and so forth? isnt negotiation a better path?\ you are quite right in calling for negotiation. indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. it seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored.
—\letter from birmingham jail,\ martin luther king jr.
this is a multi - part item.
what grounds does king use to support the need for protest? choose two correct answers.

• birmingham courts have been unjust to african americans.
• marches are vehicles for negotiation.
• city leaders refuse to negotiate in good faith with african americans.

Explanation:

1. For "Birmingham courts have been unjust to African Americans": The text states "Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts", so this is a valid ground.
2. For "Marches are vehicles for negotiation": The text says nonviolent direct action (including marches) seeks to create a crisis to force negotiation, meaning marches are a way to push for negotiation, so this is valid.
3. For "City leaders refuse to negotiate in good faith with African Americans": The text says "the latter (city fathers) consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation", so this is a valid ground. Wait, but the question asks to choose two. Wait, re - checking: The first option: "Birmingham courts have been unjust to African Americans" is supported by "Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts". The third option: "City leaders refuse to negotiate in good faith with African Americans" is supported by "the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation". The second option: The text says nonviolent direct action (like marches) is to force negotiation, not that marches are vehicles for negotiation in the sense of being a normal negotiation tool. So the two correct ones are "Birmingham courts have been unjust to African Americans" and "City leaders refuse to negotiate in good faith with African Americans".

Answer:

• Birmingham courts have been unjust to African Americans.
• City leaders refuse to negotiate in good faith with African Americans.