Question

fill in the blank question
dr. johannsen studied pregnant women who smoke. he compared three groups:

• women who smoked while pregnant;
• women who stopped smoking when they found out they were pregnant;
• women who never smoked.

the study conducted was a(n) □ experiment.

Explanation:

This type of study compares pre-existing groups where the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable (smoking status) but observes and compares outcomes. It is a quasi-experiment because it lacks random assignment of participants to groups, which is a key feature of a true experiment.

Answer:

quasi