Question

how does the bill of rights affect federal and state governments today?
question 19
which ideas from the enlightenment influenced the founding fathers the most?

Explanation:

The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, limits government power. For the federal government, it ensures individual liberties like freedom of speech and religion are protected, and restricts over - reach in areas like search and seizure. Through the process of incorporation, many of these rights have also been applied to state governments, meaning states must also respect these fundamental freedoms. Enlightenment ideas such as natural rights (life, liberty, and property as proposed by Locke), separation of powers (Montesquieu), and the social contract (Rousseau) influenced the Founding Fathers greatly. Natural rights formed the basis for the rights enshrined in the Bill of Rights. Separation of powers was implemented in the structure of the US government to prevent tyranny, and the social contract idea influenced the concept of government being accountable to the people.

Answer:

For the first question: The Bill of Rights limits the power of federal and state governments by protecting individual liberties and through the process of incorporation applies many rights to states.
For the second question: Natural rights, separation of powers, and the social contract were among the most influential Enlightenment ideas on the Founding Fathers.