Question

b. how did the cia respond to jacobo arbenz guzmáns land reforms in guatemala in 1951?

c. who had emerged as the leader of the soviet union by 1956?

d. how did the soviet destruction of an american u - 2 spy plane impact the 1960 paris summit?

e. in his farewell address, what did eisenhower warn americans to be on guard against?

Explanation:

Sub - question B

Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán's land reforms in Guatemala threatened US - based United Fruit Company's interests. The CIA, seeing a supposed communist threat (due to Arbenz's policies being seen as left - leaning), planned and executed Operation PBSUCCESS. This operation involved funding, arming, and training a rebel force led by Carlos Castillo Armas. The CIA also engaged in psychological warfare and propaganda to undermine Arbenz's government. Eventually, Arbenz was overthrown, and Castillo Armas came to power, reversing the land reforms.

After the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, there was a power struggle. Nikita Khrushchev gradually emerged as the leader. By 1956, Khrushchev had consolidated his power enough to deliver the "Secret Speech" at the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, which criticized Stalin's cult of personality, marking his firm establishment as the Soviet Union's leader.

In 1960, before the Paris Summit, the Soviet Union shot down an American U - 2 spy plane (piloted by Francis Gary Powers) that was conducting espionage over Soviet territory. The US initially tried to cover it up, claiming it was a weather plane. But the Soviets produced the living pilot and the wreckage of the plane, exposing the US lie. At the Paris Summit, Khrushchev demanded an apology from the US. When the US refused, Khrushchev walked out of the summit. This incident increased Cold War tensions, derailed the summit's potential for diplomatic progress, and highlighted the mistrust between the US and the Soviet Union.

Answer:

The CIA, viewing Arbenz's land reforms (seen as a potential communist threat and a threat to US business interests, especially United Fruit Company), planned and executed Operation PBSUCCESS. They funded, armed, trained a rebel force (led by Carlos Castillo Armas), used psychological warfare/propaganda to undermine Arbenz's government, and ultimately overthrew Arbenz, with Castillo Armas taking power and reversing the reforms.

Sub - question C