1. identify two visible differences between greek hoplite soldiers and macedonian phalanx soldiers.
2. which army appears more tightly organized? what visual evidence supports your answer?
3. what difference in weapon length and formation do you notice between the two armies?
4. how would this difference give philip ii’s army an advantage in battle?
connecting the source to philip ii
5. according to demosthenes, what two qualities made philip ii’s army successful?
6. what weaknesses of the greek city - states does demosthenes criticize?
7. how did philip ii’s military reforms change how soldiers fought compared to traditional greek hoplites?
8. how do the images help explain demosthenes’ claim that training and organization mattered more than size?
synthesis question
9. use one detail from the text and one detail from the images to explain why philip ii was successful.

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
1. **Shield Type**: Greek hoplites typically used large, round, convex shields (aspis) that covered much of their body, while Macedonian phalanx soldiers used smaller, more rectangular or oval shields that were held in a way to allow for the use of long pikes.
2. **Weapon Length**: Greek hoplites used shorter spears (usually around 6 - 9 feet), whereas Macedonian phalanx soldiers wielded much longer sarissas (pikes) that could be 12 - 20 feet long.
# Answer:
- Shield Type: Greek hoplites used large, round aspis shields; Macedonian phalanx soldiers used smaller, more rectangular/oval shields.
- Weapon Length: Greek hoplites used shorter spears (6 - 9 ft); Macedonian phalanx soldiers used longer sarissas (12 - 20 ft).

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The Macedonian phalanx appears more tightly organized. Visual evidence includes the soldiers in the phalanx standing very close together in neat, uniform rows and columns, with their long sarissas all pointing in a similar direction, creating a more cohesive and ordered formation compared to the Greek hoplites, who may appear more spread out or with less uniform spacing and weapon alignment.
# Answer:
The Macedonian phalanx appears more tightly organized. Visual evidence: Soldiers in the phalanx stand close together in neat, uniform rows/columns with sarissas aligned similarly, while Greek hoplites may be more spread out with less uniform spacing/weapon alignment.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
- **Weapon Length**: Greek hoplites have shorter spears (6 - 9 ft), and Macedonian phalanx soldiers have much longer sarissas (12 - 20 ft).
- **Formation**: Greek hoplites form a more loose - looking, sometimes less uniform battle line (hoplite phalanx but with more individual spacing), while Macedonian phalanx soldiers form a very tight, dense formation with soldiers packed closely together in multiple rows and columns, creating a more rigid and coordinated block.
# Answer:
- Weapon Length: Greek hoplites use shorter spears (6 - 9 ft); Macedonian phalanx use longer sarissas (12 - 20 ft).
- Formation: Greek hoplites have a looser, less uniform battle line; Macedonian phalanx has a tight, dense, multi - row/column formation.

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
The longer weapon (sarissa) of the Macedonian phalanx allows them to engage the enemy from a greater distance, keeping Greek hoplites (with shorter spears) out of their effective combat range. The tight formation of the phalanx provides better protection (soldiers can shield each other) and more pushing power in combat, as the weight of the closely packed soldiers can be used to break through enemy lines. Also, the uniform formation makes it easier to maneuver as a single unit, compared to the potentially more disorganized Greek hoplite formations.
# Answer:
- Longer sarissas let Macedonians attack from farther, keeping Greek hoplites out of range.
- Tight formation provides better protection, more pushing power, and easier unit maneuvering.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
According to Demosthenes, the two qualities that made Philip II’s army successful were **training** (the soldiers were well - drilled and disciplined) and **organization** (the army had a structured, coordinated formation like the phalanx that allowed for effective combat).
# Answer:
According to Demosthenes, the two qualities were training (well - drilled/disciplined soldiers) and organization (structured, coordinated formation like the phalanx).

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
Demosthenes criticizes the Greek city - states for their **disunity** (they often fought among themselves and failed to unite against a common threat like Philip II) and **lack of effective military organization/training** (their armies were not as well - drilled or coordinated as Philip II’s army, especially in comparison to the Macedonian phalanx’s discipline and structure).
# Answer:
- Disunity: Greek city - states fought among themselves and failed to unite against Philip II.
- Lack of effective military organization/training: Their armies were less well - drilled/coordinated than Philip II’s army.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Traditional Greek hoplites fought in a relatively loose phalanx, relying on individual bravery and shorter spears, with more emphasis on personal combat within a less - structured formation. Philip II’s military reforms (creating the Macedonian phalanx) changed this by having soldiers fight in a much tighter, more organized formation with long sarissas. Soldiers in the phalanx fought as part of a coordinated unit, with the long sarissas allowing them to engage enemies from a distance and the tight formation providing better protection and pushing power. Also, the training made the soldiers more disciplined and able to execute complex maneuvers as a group, unlike the more individualistic fighting of traditional hoplites.
# Answer:
- Formation: Traditional hoplites fought in a looser phalanx; Philip II’s soldiers fought in a tight, organized Macedonian phalanx.
- Weapon/Combat: Traditional hoplites used shorter spears in more individual combat; Philip II’s soldiers used long sarissas, fighting as a coordinated unit (engaging from distance, using formation for protection/pushing power).
- Training: Philip II’s soldiers were more disciplined/well - drilled, enabling complex group maneuvers, unlike traditional hoplites’ more individualistic fighting.

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
The images show the Macedonian phalanx as a tightly organized, disciplined formation with soldiers in neat rows/columns and aligned sarissas, while Greek hoplites may appear less organized. This visual of the phalanx’s order and discipline supports Demosthenes’ claim that training (which creates such discipline) and organization (the tight formation) matter more than size, as a well - trained and organized smaller force (like the phalanx) can be more effective than a larger but disorganized one. The Greek hoplites’ potentially more disorganized look in the images also contrasts, showing that even if they were larger, their lack of tight organization (due to less training) would make them less effective, while the phalanx’s organization (from training) gives it an edge.
# Answer:
- The Macedonian phalanx image shows tight, disciplined organization (neat rows/columns, aligned sarissas), showing how training (for discipline) and organization (tight formation) create effectiveness, supporting that they matter more than size.
- The Greek hoplites’ potentially more disorganized look contrasts, showing a less - trained/organized force, so even a larger force with less organization (from less training) is less effective, emphasizing Demosthenes’ claim.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
- **Text Detail**: From Demosthenes, we know Philip II’s army had good training and organization.
- **Image Detail**: The image of the Macedonian phalanx shows a tightly organized formation with soldiers in neat rows/columns and long sarissas.
- Explanation: Philip II was successful because his army’s training (from text) created a disciplined force, and the organized phalanx formation (from image) with long sarissas allowed them to fight effectively (engage from distance, use formation for protection/pushing power), making his army more effective in battle than disorganized Greek forces.
# Answer:
- Text Detail: Philip II’s army had good training and organization (per Demosthenes).
- Image Detail: Macedonian phalanx is a tightly organized formation with neat rows/columns and long sarissas.
- Explanation: Training (text) created discipline, and the organized phalanx (image) with long sarissas made the army effective (engaged from distance, used formation for protection/pushing power), leading to Philip II’s success.

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