Question

question #12
what is true for the relationship between the weight a person is carrying and the pace at which he is walking?
a positive correlation and causation
b negative correlation and no causation
c negative correlation and causation
d positive correlation and no causation

question #13
which statement is true?
a with a high correlation coefficient, causation can be determined.
b causation cant exist if the correlation coefficient is low.
c causation can only be determined after controlling for all variables other than the one being tested.
d correlation and causation mean the same thing.

Explanation:

Question #12: As the weight a person carries increases, their walking pace typically decreases, which is a negative correlation. The added weight directly causes the slower pace, so causation exists.
Question #13: Correlation (even high correlation) does not equal causation. Causation requires ruling out confounding variables by controlling all other factors besides the tested variable. High correlation does not prove causation, low correlation does not rule out causation, and correlation and causation are distinct concepts.

Answer:

Question #12: C. negative correlation and causation
Question #13: C. Causation can only be determined after controlling for all variables other than the one being tested.