Question

question 1 (20 points) a branch of philosophy and mathematics that deals with the formal principles, methods and criteria of validity of inference, reasoning, and knowledge. valid sound argument logic question 2 (20 points) fallacy where one tries to discredit an opinion or idea by discrediting those who hold it. appeal to authority ad hominem false dilemma circular reasoning

Explanation:

Question 1

The question asks for a branch of philosophy and mathematics dealing with formal principles, methods, and criteria of inference, reasoning, and knowledge. Logic is the study of such principles, while "valid" refers to argument structure, "sound" to valid + true premises, and "argument" is a set of statements. So logic matches.

The fallacy described is discrediting an idea by discrediting its proponents, which is the definition of ad hominem (attacking the person instead of the argument). "Appeal to authority" relies on authority, "false dilemma" offers false choices, "circular reasoning" uses the conclusion as a premise.

Answer:

logic (the option with "logic" as the text)

Question 2