Question

1. if it is raining, then the concert will be held indoors.

if the concert is held indoors, then the fireworks will be canceled.
∴ if it is raining, then the fireworks will be canceled.
...
3b hence determine whether the argument is valid or invalid.
valid a invalid b

Explanation:

The argument uses the law of syllogism (transitive property of implications). If \( j \Rightarrow k \) and \( k \Rightarrow l \), then by syllogism, \( j \Rightarrow l \), which matches the structure of the given problem (raining \( \Rightarrow \) indoor concert, indoor concert \( \Rightarrow \) fireworks canceled, so raining \( \Rightarrow \) fireworks canceled). This is a valid logical form.

Answer:

A. Valid