Question

1. what causes a need? 2. what does a need lead to? 3. according to drive - reduction theory, what happens when an organisms random behavior reduces a drive? 4. what did harry harlows experiments with monkeys show about the validity of drive - reduction theory? 5. what does incentive theory stress? 6. if you arent very thirsty, what might cause you to consume a soft drink? 7. if you work overtime because you really enjoy what youre doing, what kind of motivation are you experiencing?

Explanation:

1. A need is caused by a physiological or psychological deficiency. For example, lack of food causes a hunger - need.
2. A need leads to a drive, which is an internal state of arousal that motivates an organism to take action to satisfy the need.
3. According to drive - reduction theory, when an organism's random behavior reduces a drive, that behavior is reinforced and is more likely to be repeated in the future.
4. Harry Harlow's experiments with monkeys showed that the need for comfort and attachment (contact comfort) was stronger than the need for food in some cases, challenging the drive - reduction theory which emphasized physiological needs and drive reduction.
5. Incentive theory stresses the role of external stimuli (incentives) in motivating behavior. Incentives can be rewards or punishments that influence an organism's actions.
6. If not very thirsty, external incentives like the taste, social pressure, or advertising might cause one to consume a soft drink.
7. If working overtime because one enjoys what they are doing, it is intrinsic motivation, which comes from within the individual and is based on personal enjoyment and satisfaction.

Answer:

1. A physiological or psychological deficiency.
2. A drive.
3. The behavior is reinforced and more likely to be repeated.
4. The need for comfort and attachment could be stronger than physiological needs, challenging drive - reduction theory.
5. The role of external stimuli (incentives) in motivating behavior.
6. External incentives like taste, social pressure, or advertising.
7. Intrinsic motivation.