12. somatic cells are described as diploid...why?
13. mitosis begins with one diploid somatic cell and ends with ______ diploid somatic cells. (slide 11)
14. meiosis cells are called haploid...why? (slide 12)
15. a human gamete has ____________ chromosomes.
16. that means that a human somatic or body cell would have how many chromosomes? ____________
17. complete the practice 3 chart below to compare mitosis and meiosis: (slide 13)
mitosis meiosis
18. draw and label the stages of mitosis. (slide 14)
19. list the stages of meiosis....you do not have to draw them all. you would be here forever. (slides 15 &16)
0. what is the only source of genetic variation for cells made through mitosis? ____________ (slide 18)
. which type of reproduction provides the greatest amount of genetic variation? ____________
. what is crossing over? ____________ (slide 20)
draw or paste a picture showing what crossing over looks like.

Question

12. somatic cells are described as diploid...why?
13. mitosis begins with one diploid somatic cell and ends with ______ diploid somatic cells. (slide 11)
14. meiosis cells are called haploid...why?  (slide 12)
15. a human gamete has ____________ chromosomes.
16. that means that a human somatic or body cell would have how many chromosomes? ____________
17. complete the practice 3 chart below to compare mitosis and meiosis: (slide 13)
mitosis meiosis
18. draw and label the stages of mitosis. (slide 14)
19. list the stages of meiosis....you do not have to draw them all. you would be here forever. (slides 15 &16)
0. what is the only source of genetic variation for cells made through mitosis? ____________ (slide 18)
. which type of reproduction provides the greatest amount of genetic variation? ____________
. what is crossing over? ____________ (slide 20)
draw or paste a picture showing what crossing over looks like.

Accepted Answer

### Question 12:
# Brief Explanations:
Somatic cells (body cells) have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Diploid means having two complete sets of chromosomes (2n). So they are diploid because they contain two homologous copies of each chromosome (one from mother, one from father).
# Answer:
Somatic cells are diploid because they contain two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent), so they have a full complement of chromosomes (2n), with homologous chromosomes present.

### Question 13:
# Brief Explanations:
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. If the parent is diploid (somatic), the two daughter cells are also diploid.
# Answer:
Mitosis begins with one diploid somatic cell and ends with two diploid somatic cells.

### Question 14:
# Brief Explanations:
Meiosis produces gametes (sex cells). Haploid cells have only one set of chromosomes (n), meaning they have half the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell. Meiosis cells (gametes) are haploid because they contain only one set of chromosomes (half the diploid number), as they are formed to combine with another gamete during fertilization to restore the diploid number.
# Answer:
Meiosis cells (gametes) are called haploid because they contain only one set of chromosomes (n), having half the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell.

### Question 15:
# Brief Explanations:
Human gametes (sperm or egg) are haploid. A human diploid cell has 46 chromosomes, so gametes have half that number.
# Answer:
A human gamete has 23 chromosomes.

### Question 16:
# Brief Explanations:
Somatic cells are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes. Since gametes (haploid) have 23, somatic cells have twice that.
# Answer:
A human somatic (body) cell would have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs, since 23 × 2 = 46).

### Question 17:
# Brief Explanations:
| Mitosis | Meiosis |
|---------|---------|
| **Purpose**: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction | **Purpose**: Production of gametes (sexual reproduction), genetic variation |
| **Number of Divisions**: 1 division | **Number of Divisions**: 2 divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) |
| **Number of Daughter Cells**: 2 daughter cells | **Number of Daughter Cells**: 4 daughter cells |
| **Chromosome Number**: Daughter cells are diploid (2n), same as parent | **Chromosome Number**: Daughter cells are haploid (n), half of parent |
| **Genetic Variation**: Little to no genetic variation (daughter cells identical to parent) | **Genetic Variation**: High genetic variation due to crossing over and independent assortment |
| **Cells Produced**: Somatic cells (body cells) | **Cells Produced**: Gametes (sex cells: sperm, egg) |
| **Stages**: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (and Interphase) | **Stages**: Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I) and Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II) |
# Answer:
| Mitosis | Meiosis |
|---------|---------|
| Purpose: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction | Purpose: Produce gametes, sexual reproduction, genetic variation |
| Divisions: 1 | Divisions: 2 |
| Daughter Cells: 2, diploid (2n) | Daughter Cells: 4, haploid (n) |
| Chromosome Number: Same as parent | Chromosome Number: Half of parent |
| Genetic Variation: Low (identical to parent) | Genetic Variation: High (crossing over, independent assortment) |
| Cells: Somatic | Cells: Gametes |
| Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase | Stages: Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I); Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II) |

### Question 18:
# Brief Explanations:
To draw mitosis stages:
1. **Interphase**: Cell grows, DNA replicates, organelles duplicate (not a mitotic stage, but preparatory).
2. **Prophase**: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.
3. **Metaphase**: Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator (metaphase plate), spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
4. **Anaphase**: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers.
5. **Telophase**: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes, spindle fibers break down.
6. **Cytokinesis**: Cytoplasm divides, forming two separate daughter cells (often overlaps with telophase).

Label each stage with these key events.
# Answer:
To draw and label mitosis stages:

- **Interphase**: (Pre - mitotic; cell growth, DNA replication)
- **Prophase**: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms.
- **Metaphase**: Chromosomes align at metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
- **Anaphase**: Sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles.
- **Telophase**: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform, spindle breaks down.
- **Cytokinesis**: Cytoplasm divides, two daughter cells form.

### Question 19:
# Brief Explanations:
Meiosis has two main divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, each with prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Meiosis I stages:
- Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis), crossing over occurs.
- Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs line up at metaphase plate.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate, move to opposite poles.
- Telophase I: Nuclear envelopes may reform, cytokinesis occurs (2 haploid cells).

Meiosis II stages (similar to mitosis, but with haploid cells):
- Prophase II: Chromosomes condense (if decondensed), spindle forms.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles.
- Telophase II: Nuclear envelopes reform, cytokinesis occurs (4 haploid gametes).
# Answer:
Stages of meiosis:
Meiosis I:
1. Prophase I (synapsis, crossing over)
2. Metaphase I (homologous pairs align)
3. Anaphase I (homologous chromosomes separate)
4. Telophase I (and Cytokinesis I, forming 2 haploid cells)

Meiosis II:
5. Prophase II
6. Metaphase II (chromosomes align)
7. Anaphase II (sister chromatids separate)
8. Telophase II (and Cytokinesis II, forming 4 haploid gametes)

### Question 20 (assuming the first part of the cut - off question):
# Brief Explanations:
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells. The only source of genetic variation in mitosis - produced cells is mutation (changes in DNA sequence during replication or due to environmental factors), as there's no recombination or independent assortment like in meiosis.
# Answer:
The only source of genetic variation for cells made through mitosis is mutation (changes in DNA, such as during DNA replication or due to environmental mutagens).

### Question (next, about reproduction with greatest genetic variation):
# Brief Explanations:
Sexual reproduction involves meiosis (which creates genetic variation via crossing over and independent assortment) and fertilization (combining genetic material from two parents). Asexual reproduction produces clones with little variation. So sexual reproduction provides the greatest amount of genetic variation.
# Answer:
Sexual reproduction (involving meiosis and fertilization) provides the greatest amount of genetic variation, as it combines genetic material from two parents and meiosis introduces variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

### Question (about crossing over):
# Brief Explanations:
Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis I. Homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) pair up (synapsis), and segments of non - sister chromatids are exchanged. This results in recombinant chromosomes with a mix of genetic material from both parents, increasing genetic variation.
# Answer:
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non - sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis. It results in recombinant chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.

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Question 12:

Answer:

Question 13: