Question

1. which substance is electrically neutral?

substance # of protons # of electrons
lithium 3 2
fluorine 9 10
potassium 19 18
sulfur 16 d. sulfur

1. comparison of two bond types

bond type x bond type y
makes compounds makes molecules
transfers, gives/takes electrons resulting in a noble configuration shares electrons resulting in a noble configuration
made with metals and nonmetals made of nonmetals
examples: nacl, cacl2 examples: h2o
which of these correctly identifies the bond types?
a. x is ionic; y is covalent
c. x is covalent; y is covalent
b. x is ionic; y is hydrogen
d. x is hydrogen; y is covalent
complete the following chart on subatomic particles.
subatomic particle charge mass location

1. 19. 20. 21
2. 23. 24. 25
3. 27. 28. 29

Explanation:

Step1: Recall electrical - neutrality condition

A substance is electrically neutral when the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

Step2: Analyze lithium

For lithium, number of protons = 3, number of electrons = 3. It is neutral.

Step3: Analyze fluorine

For fluorine, number of protons = 9, number of electrons = 9 in a neutral atom, but here number of electrons = 19 which is incorrect for neutral state.

Step4: Analyze potassium

For potassium, number of protons = 19, number of electrons = 18 which is not neutral.

Step5: Analyze sulfur

For sulfur, number of protons = 16, no information about correct number of electrons for neutral state is given in a way to compare with others, but we already found lithium is neutral.

For question 17:

Step1: Recall ionic and covalent bond characteristics

Ionic bonds form between metals and non - metals by transfer of electrons to achieve noble gas configuration. Covalent bonds form between non - metals by sharing of electrons to achieve noble gas configuration.

Step2: Identify bond types

Bond type X has characteristics of ionic bond (transfers electrons, made with metals and non - metals, examples like NaCl, CaCl₂). Bond type Y has characteristics of covalent bond (shares electrons, made of non - metals, example H₂O).

Answer:

1. a. Lithium
2. a. X is ionic; Y is covalent